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Understanding Basic Concepts in Chemistry and Earth Science

This guide provides definitions and explanations of essential concepts in chemistry and earth sciences, including atoms, molecules, minerals, and geological processes. Key topics include atomic structure (protons, electrons, neutrons), mineral properties (hardness, luster, cleavage), and processes such as erosion, weathering, and crystallization. It also covers the scientific method, including hypotheses and variables, along with graphical representations of data through bar and line graphs. Perfect for students and anyone interested in science!

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Understanding Basic Concepts in Chemistry and Earth Science

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  1. Vocab. • Hypothesis- If and then statement making an educated guess • Neutron- Has a neutral charge and is found in the nucleus of an atom. • Electron- Negatively charged particle and is found in the electron cloud out side the nucleus of an atom.

  2. Bar graph- Compares items against each other • Atomic Mass- The number of protons and neutrons. • Electron cloud- System of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom. • Erosion- Process moving sediment • Crystalline structure- Repeating pattern of crystals that give it the shinny appearance. • Density= M/V • Fracture- Mineral breaks over a curved or irregular surface.

  3. Proton- Positively charged particle inside the nucleus of an atom. • Magma- Melted Rock inside the Earth. • Line graph- Change over time • Period- Moves horizontal across the periodic table. • Atomic number- Number of protons on the nucleus of an atom. • Element- Pure substances that cannot be broken down by chemical or ordinary means.

  4. Hardness- Mohs hardness scale determines the hardness of a mineral. ( what can or cannot be scratched by set objects) • Inorganic- Not living • Streak- Rubbing a mineral on an unglazed piece of porcelain tile to determine its color it gives off. • Mineral- inorganic solid that has a crystalline structure and is made in nature. • Independent variable- (IF) Variable that is changed based on the hypothesis and what is being tested.

  5. Dependent variable- (Then) Variable that is changed due to what is being tested. • Group- Runs vertical on the periodic table • Atom- Smallest particle that cannot be broken down. • Compound- 2 or more elements that are combined. • Weathering- breaking down rock into sediment( small pieces) • Luster- Reflection of light on minerals • Cleavage- Act of splitting apart a mineral in a straight line. • Mixture- Combination of 2 or more substances that are not chemically combined.

  6. Br • 35 • 80 • 35 • 45 • 35 8. Temperature Change, Color change, gas, solid is created 9. Group- vertical,Period horizontal 10. Talc, Gypsum

  7. 11.Calcite, Fluorite, Apatite, Orthoclase, Quartz, Topaz, Corundum, Diamond 12.7 13. Nothing 14. 15. Erosion in cm 16.Months 17. Lake, Months, time of day measureing 18.x-Months Y- Erosion in cm

  8. 19. Weathering, Deposition, Erosion 20. Compaction, Cementation 21. Weathering, Deposition, Erosion 22. Heat and pressure 23. Weathering, Deposition, Erosion 24. Melting 25. cooling- Crystallization 26. Melting 27. Heat and Pressure

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