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Post-Mesopotamia

This thesis explores the intricate web of successor states and empires in the Middle East following the fall of Mesopotamia around 2000 BCE. It examines the impact of geopolitical interactions, the emergence of a common language (Akkadian), and the evolution of trade, diplomacy, and warfare. Key civilizations, including the Hittites, Egyptians, Phoenicians, and the Persians, are analyzed for their contributions to cultural exchange, technology, and political strategies. The document highlights the pivotal role of religion and commerce in shaping regional dynamics, leading to both cooperation and conflict.

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Post-Mesopotamia

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  1. Post-Mesopotamia Successor states and Empires in the Middle East after 2000 BCE

  2. Thesis • Growing levels of interaction in the Middle East, 3000 to 300 BCE due to the geopolitical needs of big empires existing so close together. • Common language -Akkadian and common written script – Cuneiform - encouraged growth in • Trade, diplomatic relations, warfare. • Religions, goods, and people crossed borders, and increasingly shared cultures and history.

  3. Geopolitics

  4. The Hittites • Empire of Indo-European Peoples

  5. Hittite Culture • First written example of Indo-European Language • After 1450 BCE • Defeated Egypt’s Ramses II in 1269 • Iron Smelting Technology • Law: restitution & compensation rather than retaliation

  6. New Kingdom Era Egypt Territorial gains after ending Hyksos rule 1532 BCE Control of Nubia gave them access to gold and timber Conducted wars of expansion against the Hittites in Syria Traded with all kingdoms in the region

  7. New Modes of Transportation

  8. The Fall of Empires • Invasion of the “sea peoples” @ 1250 BC Pharaoh Ramses III Victory over the sea peoples At MedinetHabu

  9. Individual States and Growing Connections

  10. Phoenicians • Mediterranean coast of Syria • Traders, seafarers • Colonies: Cadiz, Carthage • Created the forerunner of the alphabet • replaced pictographs with alphabetic system • Developed shipbuilding technology

  11. Hebrews Abraham - Monotheist lived @1800 BCE 538 BCE Cyrus of Persia releases Hebrews, who return to Israel • They brought with them new “dualistic” ideas

  12. Assyrian Empire 911- 605 BCE • Conquest empire • Capital at Ashur • Ashur is also at the head of the trade route into Anatolia • Exported textiles & tin • Imported silver

  13. Persian Empire 600 - 486 BCE

  14. Persian Empire from 550 • Persia united by Achaemenidkings • Cyrus the Great creates empire 550 BCE • Persian government modeled after Assyrian • Royal Road

  15. Zoroastrianism • Ahura Mazda: a single god • Dualism: the world is a battleground between good and evil • Concept of sin • Must choose sides in this battle

  16. The End

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