Chapter 16 Waves I

1. Chapter 16 Waves I In this chapter we will start the discussion on wave phenomena. We will study the following topics: Types of waves Amplitude, phase, frequency, period, propagation speed of a wave Mechanical waves propagating along a stretched string Wave equation Principle of superposition of waves Wave interference Standing waves, resonance (16–1)

3. (16–3)

4. (16–4)

5. (16–5)

6. (16–6)

7. Example 2:

12. Example 3:

13. Example 4:

14. (16–8)

17. (16–10)

18. (16–11)

19. (16–12)

20. (16–13)

21. (16–14)

23. Example 5:

24. (16–17)

25. a a n n n n a (16–18)

26. Reflections at a Boundary • Hard reflection : A pulse incident from the right is reflected at the left end of the string, which is tied to a wall. Note that the reflected pulse is inverted from the incident pulse • Soft reflection :Here the left end of the string is tied to a ring that can slide without friction up and down the rod. Now the pulse is not inverted by the reflection.

27. A B A B A B (16–19)

28. A B A B A B (16–20)

29. Example 6:

30. Example 7:

31. Example 8:

32. Example 9:

33. Example 10:

34. Example 11:

35. Example 12:

36. Example 13:

37. Example 14:

38. Example 15:

39. Example 16:

40. Example 17:

41. Example 18:

42. Example 19:

43. Example 20:

44. Example 21:

45. Example 22:

46. Example 23:

47. Example 24: