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Modelling Essentials

This comprehensive guide explores the essentials of modeling, focusing on the concepts of parsimony and simplicity. It emphasizes the importance of initial spatial outputs, the subdivision of spatial information, and the recognition of visible and latent patterns. Methods for measuring and identifying these patterns, such as landscape metrics, visual observations, literature surveys, and advanced tools like GIS, satellite imagery, and statistical techniques are discussed. The guide aims to facilitate deeper comprehension of spatial interactions and processes at play in model construction.

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Modelling Essentials

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  1. Modelling Essentials Model Parsimony vs. Model Simplicity. Modelling Essentials

  2. Thinking Spatially • Begin by thinking about what your [spatial] output will be. • You can then subdivide this spatial information product into elements and operators. • Recognize spatial patterns. • Identify the processes that created the patterns. Modelling Essentials

  3. Visible Patterns Modelling Essentials

  4. Visible Patterns Modelling Essentials

  5. Visible Patterns • Measuring Visible Patterns - Landscape Metrics • # of patches / area • Patch sizes & shapes • Patch densities & inter-patch distances • Isolation metrics • Perimeter-to-area ratios • Orientations Modelling Essentials

  6. Functional Patterns • Not readily visible. • Latent Patterns: • Threshold dependent • Temporally unique Modelling Essentials

  7. Tools for Identifying Patterns • The Landscape • Visual observations by domain experts. • Not necessarily the same as the GIS modeller. • Observations should be made: • At different times of the day; • In different seasons; • From different perspectives; • With different viewing tools. Modelling Essentials

  8. Tools for Identifying Patterns • Literature Surveys • Within-domain surveys. • Extra-domain surveys. • Knowledge Engineering • Domain experts. • Expert Systems. Modelling Essentials

  9. Tools for Identifying Patterns • Maps • Variations in themes, scales, projections, perspectives, dimensionalities, symbolisms … • Aerial Photography • Variations in tone, colour, texture, setting, scale, association, time … Modelling Essentials

  10. Tools for Identifying Patterns • Satellite Imagery • Variations in spectral, spatial, temporal, radiometric resolutions. • Digital image analysis. • Statistical Techniques • Descriptive stats. • Correlation, regression. • Central tendency; spatial dispersion. Modelling Essentials

  11. From Pattern to Process • Recognizing the spatial interactions of the problem • Sometimes determining the underlying processes that created the patterns; sometimes evaluating the effects of existing patterns on on-going processes. Modelling Essentials

  12. From Pattern to Process • Go beyond pattern recognition into pattern description. Demers, M.N., 2002. GIS Modeling in Raster. Wiley. Modelling Essentials

  13. Types of GIS Models • Purpose Models • Descriptive Models • Describe parts or all of a study area. • Passive. • E.g. a map. • Prescriptive Models • Prescribe best solutions. • Active. • E.g. best location analysis Modelling Essentials

  14. Types of GIS Models • Methodological Models • Deterministic • Stochastic • Logistic Models • Inductive • Deductive Modelling Essentials

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