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Computer Hardware

This guide provides a thorough evaluation of your computer's hardware components, helping you determine whether to buy new or upgrade existing parts. Learn about key elements such as CPU, RAM, storage devices, video output, sound systems, and ports. Understand the implications of Moore's Law and the costs associated with upgrading versus buying new. We discuss how to assess system reliability, identify your needs, and evaluate performance components to make the best decision for your computing needs.

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Computer Hardware

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  1. Computer Hardware Evaluating your system components.

  2. System Topics • To buy or upgrade? • Evaluating your system: • CPU • RAM • Storage devices • Video output • Sound systems • Computer ports • System reliability

  3. To Buy or To Upgrade? • Things to consider: • Moore’s Law – Double every 18 months • Cost of upgrading vs. buying • Time installing software and files • Needs and wants

  4. Assessing Your Hardware: Evaluating Your System • Assess the computer’s subsystems • The subsystems include: • CPU • RAM • Storage devices • Video • Audio • Ports

  5. Evaluating the CPU • How does the CPU work? • Control unit – Coordinates activity of components • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) – Performs calculations • Machine cycle: 4 steps • Fetch - Gets data from RAM • Decode – Information it can read • Execute – Executes instruction • Store – Stores result to RAM • Speed: Cycles per second • Mhz – Megahertz 1 million • Ghz – Gigahertz 1 billion

  6. Upgrading the CPU • Expensive – Usually the most expensive part • Easy to install • Motherboard compatibility • Heat sink and Fan

  7. Evaluating RAM • Random access memory (RAM): • Temporary storage (memory) • Volatile • Memory modules: • SIMM - Single in-line memory module, used in pairs • DIMM – Dual in-line memory module, one at a time • RIMM – Rambus in-line memory module • Types of RAM: • SRAM – Static, refreshment not needed • DRAM – Dynamic, refreshment needed • SDRAM – Synchronous DRAM, synchronizes with CPU

  8. Adding RAM • Increase system performance • Things to consider: • Type of RAM module • Amount of RAM: • Maximum limit • Number of slots • Operating system • Applications running at the same time

  9. Evaluating Storage • Types of storage devices: • Hard drive • Floppy drive • Zip disk drive • CD/DVD • Flash memory

  10. Storing Data • Magnetic media: • Metal platters: • Hard disks • Plastic film: • Floppy disks • Zip disks • Tracks – Circles • Sectors - Wedges • File Allocation Table – Catalog to keep track of file locations Track Sector

  11. Storing Data • Optical media: • CD ROM • CD-R • CD-RW • DVD ROM • DVD-R • DVD-RW • Laser • Pit – 1 micron diameter = 0 • Land - Raised area = 1

  12. The Hard Disk Drive • Storage capacity up to 500 GB • Access time is measured in milliseconds • Data transfer rate is measured in megabits or megabytes per second • Spindle speed is measured in revolutions per minute (rpm) Read/write head Platters Access arms

  13. Portable Storage • Gives us the ability to move data from one computer to another • 4 Types of portable storage devices: • Floppy disk: • Capacity 1.44 MB • Zip disk: • Capacity 100 MB to 750 MB • CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW: • Capacity 700 MB to 9.4 GB • Flash drive: • Capacity 32 MB to 1 GB

  14. Upgrading Storage • Hard drive options: • Replace current drive with a larger capacity drive • Install an additional hard drive • Other options: • Zip drive • Replace CD ROM with CD-R/RW or DVD-R/RW • Flash card reader • Flash memory drive

  15. Evaluating Video • Two components: • Video card (adapter) • Monitor

  16. Video Cards • Process binary data into images • Contain memory known as video RAM (VRAM) • Control the number of colors a monitor can display (bit depth) • VGA – Video Graphics Array • 4 bits • 16 colors • True color (SVGA) Super Video Graphics Array • 24 bits (32-bit is the same as a 24 bit color with a 8-bit alpha channel). • 16 million colors

  17. Monitors • Things to consider: • Types: • CRT or LCD • Size: • 15, 17, 19, or 21 inch • Can be widescreen • Resolution: • Increasing resolution allows more to be displayed • Dot pitch: • .31mm or less • Refresh rate: • 75 Hz or higher

  18. Evaluating Audio • Speakers: • Amplified • Not amplified • Sub-woofer • Sound card: • Process digital data into sounds • 3D sound cards • Surround sound • Dolby Digital 5.1

  19. Evaluating Ports • Ports are used to connect peripheral devices to the computer • Things to consider: • Devices you want to use • Ports needed for the devices

  20. LPT 1 Port PS/2 Connectors PS/2 Port Ethernet jack USB Connector Ethernet Port USB Port FireWire Connector FireWire Port Printer Cable Connector Serial Connector COM 1 Port Types of Ports • Serial • Parallel • Universal serial bus • FireWire • Ethernet • IrDA • Bluetooth Transfers eight bits of data simultaneously; 12Mbps Transfer rate of 100 Mbps; connects computers to networks Transfer rate of 4 Mbps; Uses infrared light waves Transfer speed up to 480Mbps; Hot swapping Transfer rate of 1 Mbps; radio waves send data over short distances Transfers data one bit at a time; 56Kbps Transfer rate of 400 Mbps; Digital cameras

  21. Adding Ports • Expansion cards: • New port standards • Expansion hubs: • Enables several devices to be connected to a port

  22. Evaluating System Reliability • Performance: • Slow • Freezes • Crashes • Upkeep and maintenance: • System tools • Control panel • Update software and hardware drivers

  23. Upkeep and Maintenance • System tools: • Disk defragmenter • Disk cleanup • Unnecessary files • Control panel: • Add/remove programs • Display • System • Device manager

  24. Update Software and Hardware Drivers • Software: • Automatic updates • Patches • Hardware: • Download updated drivers

  25. The Final Decision • How closely does your system come to meeting your needs? • How much would it cost to upgrade your system? • How much would it cost to purchase a new system?

  26. CPU Topics • Computer switches • Inside the CPU • Cache memory • Computer buses • Creating faster CPUs

  27. ON OFF Digital Data: Switches and Bits • Electronic switches: • Vacuum tubes • Transistors • Integrated circuits • Binary number system: • Representing numbers • Representing letters and symbols • ASCII • Unicode

  28. Electronic Switches • Non-mechanical devices in computers that open and close circuits • Types of electronic switches: • Vacuum tubes • Transistors: • Semiconductors • Integrated circuits

  29. OFF ON Switches Representing Data • The on/off state of a switch represents one bit of data • Bit (binary digit): • On = 1 • Off = 0 OR = 1 bit 0 1

  30. The CPU: Processing Digital Information • CPU components • Types of CPUs • What the CPU does: • Machine cycle: • System clock • Cache memory

  31. The CPU • Also known as a microprocessor or processor • Executes instructions • Components include: • Control unit • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) • Registers – memory storage • Cache memory

  32. The CPU’s Machine Cycle • Also known as the processing cycle (4 cycles) • Fetch: • The Control Unit searches cache memory and then RAM for program instructions • Instructions are moved to the Control Unit • Decode: • The Control Unit reads and prepares the program instructions • The instructions are sent to the ALU • Execute: • The ALU performs the calculations • Store: • The results are stored in the registers (storage in the CPU)

  33. Book Example

  34. The System Clock • Located on the motherboard • Controls the CPU’s processing cycles • Clock cycle: • Pulse or tick • Oscillating crystal • Clock speed: • Number of pulses per second • Measured in hertz (Hz) • Useful for measuring CPUs in the same family

  35. Cache Memory • Small amount of memory located on the CPU chip or near it: used before RAM • Level 1 is on the CPU and is first • Level 2 is on or near the CPU and is second • Stores recent or frequently used instructions and data • Used for quick access by the CPU

  36. Buses: The CPU’s Data Highway • Bus: • Electrical pathway used to move data between components • Local bus: • Connects the CPU with the memory • Expansion bus: • Connects the CPU with peripheral devices 01100010 01001000 01110011 00100111

  37. Bus Performance • Bus clock speed: • Rate of speed data moves from one location to another • Measured in Mhz (millions of clock cycles per second) • Bus width: • The number of bits of data moved on a bus at any one time • Measured in bits: • 16 bits • 32 bits • 64 bits

  38. Types of Expansion Buses • ISA and EISA: • Found on older computers • Connects mouse, modem, and sound card • PCI: • Faster than ISA and EISA • Found on modern computers • Connects network, modem, and sound card • AGP: • Used for three-dimensional graphics • Connects the graphics card and memory • PCI-Express • Based on PCI but gets better clock speeds • Replace PCI and AGP

  39. Making Computers Faster • Pipelining: • The CPU processes more than one instruction at a time. P4 = 20 pipelines Non-pipelined CPU Instruction 1 Fetch Decode Execute Store Instruction 2 Fetch Decode Execute Store Pipelined CPU Instruction 1 Fetch Decode Execute Store Instruction 2 Fetch Decode Execute Store Instruction 3 Fetch Decode Execute Store Instruction 4 Fetch Decode Execute Store

  40. Making Computers Faster • Dual processing: • Two CPUs on the same system • Each processor shares the workload • Parallel processing: • Network of computers • Each computer works on a portion of the problem simultaneously • SETI http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/ Dual processors

  41. Lab Assignment • Build two PCs from Dell

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