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Early Civilizations of Ancient India

Early Civilizations of Ancient India. World History Libertyville High School. Geographic Considerations. Isolation! World’s tallest mountains to North (Himalayas) Thar Desert to East Indus & Ganges Rivers Bounded large, 1,700 mile wide fertile plain

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Early Civilizations of Ancient India

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  1. Early Civilizations of Ancient India World History Libertyville High School

  2. Geographic Considerations • Isolation! • World’s tallest mountains to North (Himalayas) • Thar Desert to East • Indus & Ganges Rivers • Bounded large, 1,700 mile wide fertile plain • Rivers brought silt to river valleys and water for irrigation • Problems facing settlers? • River flooding • Monsoons

  3. Monsoons • Seasonal winds blowing across India • June – Sept: from sea to interior • Oct – May: from mntns to sea • Helped with growing seasons BUT were unpredictable, destructive • Wetter climate 6000 years ago – how do we know? • Seals of tropical animals • kiln fired bricks

  4. The Harappan Civilization • Man first arrived around 7000 BC • Cities suggest a highly centralized, organized government & society • 1400 towns, cities discovered (compare to Sumerians!) 3300 BCE - 2400 BCE

  5. Harappan Cities • Built strong walls built around cities (Why? Consider challenges…) • Cities laid out in grid pattern • Neighborhoods w/ walls around them • Excellent sewer system • Cities built with kiln fired bricks that were standardized by size, weight Map of MohenjoDaro

  6. Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro

  7. Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro

  8. The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro

  9. A side Street, Mohenjo-Daro

  10. Sewer Drain, Harappa

  11. Art & Technology • Historians believe that animals were important to civilization b/c there were so many depictions of them • Written language was pictographic • We can’t translate it b/c we have no dual translation • Metallurgy based on copper, bronze • Used wheel & boats w/ 1 mast Bull Figurine, Harappa

  12. Harappan Writing Undecipherable to date.

  13. Harappan Seals • Stone seals with animals carved on them • Carved from small block of stone • After carving, surface glazed and fired • Uses : Student brainstorm!!! • Signatures? • Heraldry? • Show ownership? • Carried on string; seals found in Mesopotamia Bison Seal A Horned-God Seal

  14. Harappan Seals Unicorn Seal, Harappa Reverse of a harappan seal

  15. Other Harappan seals

  16. Harappan Religion • Unknown, because we can’t translate their writing • Assumed to be theocracy, polytheistic • Dead buried with tools, jewelry • Little overtly religious artwork A Priest-King, (front) A Priest-King, (back)

  17. Male Skeleton, Harappa

  18. Female Skeleton with Child, Harappa

  19. Burial Pottery, Harappa

  20. Trade • Gold and silver from Afghanistan • Gems from Persia were made into jewelry by Harappans • Harappansgrew cotton and exported the cloth • Traded extensively with Mesopotamia, Egyptians

  21. Necklace, Mohenjo-Daro

  22. Female Figures, Harappa

  23. The Vedic Age (1500 BCE - 500 BCE)

  24. Vedic culture & language • Vedic = new, post Harappan culture • Vedes believed to be pastoral farmers • Cows held in high esteem (productivity, in vegetarian society) • Sanskrit emerged • Language of religion, intellectuals • Example: the Vedas Sanskrit writing

  25. Indo European “language tree” • Language originated in Caucasus Mntns

  26. The Vedas • Written between 1200 & 600 BCE. • Religious texts representing oldest of Hindu beliefs • Included: • hymns and poems • religious prayers • magical spells • lists of the gods and • goddesses Rig Veda oldest work still used in active religion today

  27. Varna (Social Hierarchy) Priests Brahmins Rulers Kshatriyas Traders Vaishyas Laborers Shudras Outcasts Harijan(Untouchables)

  28. During The Vedic Age The foundations for Hinduism were established!

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