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Chapter 3 and 4

Chapter 3 and 4. Suffixes and Prefixes. Suffixes. When a suffix begins with a vowel the combining “o” is not used. Pronunciation. “g” and “c” are soft when followed by an “i” or “e” as in ginger or cent “g” and “c” are hard like in good or can when followed by an “o” or “a”. Plural Forms.

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Chapter 3 and 4

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  1. Chapter 3 and 4 Suffixes and Prefixes

  2. Suffixes • When a suffix begins with a vowel the combining “o” is not used

  3. Pronunciation • “g” and “c” are soft when followed by an “i” or “e” as in ginger or cent • “g” and “c” are hard like in good or can when followed by an “o” or “a”

  4. Plural Forms • When a term ends in “us” the “us” is dropped and “i” is added to show the plural • Staphylococcus……staphylococci- round bacterium that grows in small clusters • Infections of the bones or kidneys are frequently caused by this bacterium • Also causes boils, and skin abscesses • Streptococcus……streptococci- round bacterium that grows in twisted chains • Causes strep throat, rheumatic fever, sinus infections, kidney problems

  5. More hints • When two consonants begin a word (or suffix)…the first one is silent • Pneumonia • blepharoptosis

  6. Hernia o/cele • Bulging forth or protrusion of an structure • Muscle, organs, tissues • Rectocele- rectum protruding into the vagina • Cystocele- bladder protruding into the vagina • Omphalocele- protruding navel occurs at birth

  7. -lapse • To fall, sag or slide • Prolapse- sliding forward or down

  8. Blood Cells • Erythrocytes- red blood cells carry oxygen to the cells • Hemoglobin- iron containing protein that carries oxygen • Produced in the bone marrow

  9. Blood Cells • Leukocytes- white blood cells • Granulocytes- form in the bone marrow • Three types • Eosinophil- aid in allergic reactions • Basophil- aid in inflammation • Neutrophil- polymorhonuclear, phagocytes cells that engulf bacteria and break them down

  10. Blood Cells • Leukocytes- white blood cells • Agranulocytes- produced in the lymph nodes and spleen • Lymphocytes- T and B cells produce antibodies to destroy foreign cells and proteins (antigens) • Monocytes- engulf and destroy debris leftover after the neutrophils have attacked cells • Thrombocytes- platelets- blood clotting cells fragments

  11. Other Blood Facts • Antibodies- Produced by white blood cells …responsible for attaching to foreign cells and antigens • Developed after exposure to bacteria and viruses and other antigens • Vaccination for a disease • Autoimmune developed in response to self • Rh factor- this is a protein found on red blood cells some people have it and some don’t • Important in pregnancy and blood transfusions and transplantation of organs

  12. Blood Disorders • Leukocytosis- increased number of (normal) circulating white blood cells • Leukemia- increased number of abnormal white blood cells circulating- cancerous blood cells • Anemia- means no blood, reduction in red blood cells or hemoglobin circulating • Aplastic anemia- no formation of blood cells by the bone marrow

  13. Circulation Basics • Arteries carry blood away from the heart to arterioles • Arterioles branch into capillaries • Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen and other nutrients to leave and move into surrounding cells • Venules connect to capillaries and pick up waste and dump into veins • Veins carrry blood to the heart

  14. Amniocentesis • Amnion- sac that surrounds the developing fetus • -centesis- puncture to remove fluid • This procedure is done to determine genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus • Cells removed during the procedure are cultured and then studied to determine the karyotype

  15. Genetic Inheritance • Congenital anomalies- defects one is born with some are genetic BUT not all. • Environmental exposures can account for many problems • Health habits of the parents also contribute (fetal alcohol syndrome) • Genetic contributions to congenital defects are not always apparent in the parents

  16. Ultrasonography • Use of ultrasound waves to produce an image of body structures • Used to view developing fetus, heart, and other structures • Used to determine if an ectopic pregancy has occurred (pregnancy outside the uterus) • Useful in viewing the fetus to determine if congenital anomalies exist

  17. Laparoscopy • Peritoneoscopy • Visual examination of the abdominal cavity • Instrument is called a laparoscope • Used to do exploratory surgery or remove appendix, gallbladder, repair hernias, perform tubial ligations and for performing biopsies

  18. Other stuff…. • Acromegaly- caused by high levels of growth hormones leads to large hands, feet and face • Splenomegaly- enlarged spleen • Achondroplasia- (failure to grow) bones are abnormally short

  19. Endocrine glands • Parathyroid- located on the dorsal surface of the thyroid glands- regulate blood calcium levels • Ovaries and Testes- produce sex hormones and sex cells • Adrenal Glands- endocrine glands located on the top of the kidneys (suprarenal glands) • Produce epinephrine (adrenaline) creates changes in the circulatory system including heart rate and increased blood pressure • Dilates the bronchial tubes

  20. Male and Female Reproductive Systems • Know the basic structures and surrounding structures (pubis symphysis, bladder, urethra, etc.) • Transuretheral resection- removal of part of the prostate gland needed if hypertrophies occurs

  21. More other Stuff • Contralateral- on the opposite side of the body • Ipsilaterial- on the same side of the body

  22. Assignments Chapters 3 and 4 • Practical application P 89 • Exercises: A, B, C, D, F and K • Pronunciation of Terms Pp. 98-101 • Chapter 4 • Practical application P 124 • Exercises A, B, C, E, I and J

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