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Nuclear Chemistry

Chemistry I – Chapter 25 Chemistry I Honors – Chapter 19 ICP – Chapter 18. Nuclear Chemistry.

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Nuclear Chemistry

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  1. Chemistry I – Chapter 25 Chemistry I Honors – Chapter 19 ICP – Chapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry SAVE PAPER AND INK!!! When you print out the notes on PowerPoint, print "Handouts" instead of "Slides" in the print setup. Also, turn off the backgrounds (Tools>Options>Print>UNcheck "Background Printing")!

  2. Radioactivity • One of the pieces of evidence for the fact that atoms are made of smaller particles came from the work of________ (1876-1934). • She discovered________, the spontaneous disintegration of some elements into smaller pieces.

  3. Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes • Nuclear reactions involve the nucleus • The nucleus opens, and protons and neutrons are rearranged • The opening of the nucleus releases a tremendous amount of energy that holds the nucleus together – called binding energy • “Normal” Chemical Reactions involve electrons, not protons and neutrons

  4. Mass Defect • Some of the mass can be converted into energy • Shown by a very famous equation! E=mc2 Energy Mass Speed of light

  5. Types of Radiation • Alpha (ά) – a positively charged helium isotope - we usually ignore the charge because it involves electrons, not protons and neutrons • Beta (β) – an electron • Gamma (γ) – pure energy; called a ray rather than a particle

  6. Other Nuclear Particles • Neutron • Positron – a positive electron • Proton – usually referred to as hydrogen-1 • Any other elemental isotope

  7. Penetrating Ability

  8. Balancing Nuclear Reactions • In the reactants (starting materials – on the left side of an equation) and products (final products – on the right side of an equation) • Atomic numbers must balance • and • Mass numbers must balance • Use a particle or isotope to fill in the missing protons and neutrons

  9. Nuclear Reactions • Alpha emission Note that mass number (A) goes down by 4 and atomic number (Z) goes down by 2. Nucleons (nuclear particles… protons and neutrons) are rearranged but conserved

  10. Nuclear Reactions • Beta emission Note that mass number (A) is unchanged and atomic number (Z) goes up by 1.

  11. 207 207 Other Types of Nuclear Reactions Positron (0+1b): a positive electron Electron capture: the capture of an electron

  12. Learning Check What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron? 10B + 4He ? + 1n 5 2 0

  13. Write Nuclear Equations! Write the nuclear equation for the beta emitter Co-60.

  14. Artificial Nuclear Reactions New elements or new isotopes of known elements are produced by bombarding an atom with a subatomic particle such as a proton or neutron -- or even a much heavier particle such as 4He and 11B. Reactions using neutrons are called g reactions because a g ray is usually emitted. Radioisotopes used in medicine are often made by g reactions.

  15. Artificial Nuclear Reactions Example of a g reaction is production of radioactive 31P for use in studies of P uptake in the body. 3115P + 10n ---> 3215P + g

  16. Transuranium Elements Elements beyond 92 (transuranium) made starting with an g reaction 23892U + 10n ---> 23992U + g 23992U ---> 23993Np + 0-1b 23993Np ---> 23994Pu + 0-1b

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