1. Development Policy and Management PIA 2501

2. THE NATURE OF THE DEBATE The Nature of the Debate

3. I. The Situation Today • II. The Impact of Colonialism • III. Twentieth Century Authoritarianism • IV. The End of Colonialism • V. Keynesianism and the “Western” Development Model Major Themes

4. The Situation Today

5. The industrialized countries, which accounted for 40 percent of the world's population after World War II, now account for only 20 percent, though they earn 85 percent of the world's income. Development as a Concept: The Problem

6. In the coming decades, the industrialized world is expected to make up only 12 to 15 percent of the planetary population, as 90 to 95 percent of all births take place in the poorest countries. “I [see] around the world-poverty, the collapse of cities, porous borders, cultural and racial strife, growing economic disparities, weakening nation-states--We are not in control...” (Robert Kaplan) At Issue:

7. Robert D. Kaplan

8. Robert Kaplan’s view: Economic and social development is “generally cruel, painful, violent, and uneven…” Development as a Concept: The Image

9. “some nations, including the United States, may be retreating into a fortress like nationalism…” - Robert Kaplan, “Ends of the Earth” argument Development as a Concept: The Controversy

10. Certain countries are separating and being separated from the world economy. • Most of Africa except Egypt and South Africa • Parts of Indian sub-continent- Burma, Sri Lanka- Central Asia • Parts of the non-Oil Middle East • Parts of South East Asia-Cambodia and Laos- • Parts of Central/South America and the Balkans follows The Ends of the Earth Argument

11. Robert Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st Century (New York: Random House: 1996). Reference

12. Robert D. Kaplan (born in 1952)) is an American journalist. He is currently an editor for the Atlantic Monthly. His writings have also been featured in the Washington Post, the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal, among other newspapers and publications. He is known for his controversial essays about the nature of U.S. power have spurred debate in academia, the media, and the highest levels of government. A frequent theme in his work is the re-emergence of cultural and historical tensions temporarily suspended during the Cold War. He has traveled to and reported on more than 80 countries. Author of the Week Robert D. Kaplan

13. History is Important • Culture Defines Choices • Start with empirical reality and normative choices follow • Regional Analysis is Important Picard’s Perspective

14. Okot p'Bitek Paul Theroux • Ugandan Poet Influence: Transition Authors

15. Okot p’Bitek—Uganda novelist “Foreign ‘Experts’ and Peace Corps swarm the Country Like white Ants.” (Transition Magazine, 1966) Picard first read in Masaka Uganda, when it was first published Quote of the Day

16. Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004), pp. 392-430. (Africa) • Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream  (New York: Vintage Books, 2006), Chapter Eight, pp. 320-382. (General and Southeast Asia) Note: Suggested Reading

17. Historical Structures • Overseas colonial structures, land-based colonialism, post-colonial society • Problems of Defining Development and Modernization Theory • Colonial Underdevelopment Argument How Did We Get to this Point?

18. The Impact of Colonialism Periods: 1. Age of Exploration 2. Early Colonialism- Mercantilism 3. De Jure or Formal Colonialism 4. Old vs. New Colonialism 5. Land Based Colonial Empires 6. De Facto (Neo) Colonialism 7. Authoritarianism and the End of Empire 8. Decolonization after WWII 9. Nationalism, Independence and Theories of Development

19. 1. Age of Expansion: 1500-1700. Extraction and Exploration. Dominated by Spain, Portugal and later Holland 2. Overseas colonialism (Mercantilism Phase-1700-1856- French and British) The creation of external trade patterns and government expenditures directed toward the development of an export economy 3. “De Jure” colonialism: After 1856 Legal and internationally recognized formal control of government structures when trade, economic and governmental sectors of a society are formally or legally controlled by another country Overseas Colonial Structures, Values, (1500-1960) and Post-Colonial Society

20. Age of Exploration

21. 4. “Old Colonialism” vs. “New Colonialism” (after 1920) a. Early colonial development focused on infrastructure to support export and import trade b. Human resource development was neglected c. ideology of Free trade that masked a reality which developed markets for mother country goods and provided raw materials for industrial production d. New Colonialism- Modernization and Westernization (1920-1950) Colonial Structures, Values, and Post-Colonial Society (1500-1950)

22. The Colonial Governor (The Prefect Model)

23. Named the district officer, magistrate, landrost, district commissioner, the commandant, the collector (Asia, Africa, Middle East, East Europe) • By contrast, administration was Functional in Spanish Latin America, Philippines, and in some Neo-Colonial systems—no prefect • Government expenditure was limited to the military and police prior to 1920s Early Colonial Control: The Colonial Prefect- World Wide

24. 5. European Empires • Do the terms colonialism and underdevelopment work for Eastern Europe, the CIS, Central Asia and the Caucasus? • Administrative structures were similar to those of overseas colonialism • After 1989, These are often labeled “Transitional States” Land Based Colonialism

25. Archduke Franz Ferdinand

26. Janine Wedel, in Collision and Collusion, raises two questions: • Are transitional states “developmental?” • Are they transitional? What does she mean? Land Based Colonialism

27. 6. De Facto Colonialism • No formal legal ties but in practice power relationships between colonial powers and puppet regimes • Thailand, Ethiopia, Persia, Nepal, the Arabian Peninsula, and Afghanistan, much of Latin America after the 1850s • Parallel between formal colonial systems and informal influence • Neo-colonialism after 1960 De Facto vs. Neo-Colonialism

28. TEN MINUTE BREAK Break Time

29. 7. Authoritarianism and the End of Empires

30. Neo-Nationalism- Royalist Conservatism in Europe and Asia • Corporatism Fascism • Socialism/Communism • Keynesianism • New Orthodoxy Nationalism and Development- “Five Minute History

31. Looked to Model of Japan prior to World War II (Toland Book) • Nationalism developed in the 1930s and 1940s throughout much of the colonial world including much of central and Eastern Europe. It had four variations. Japan: Nationalism and the End of Empire

32. What was the Pre-War Japanese Government view of Colonialism in Asia? • Why is Japan Important in the development of nationalism in Africa and Asia? • For Further Reading: Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: Harper Collins, 2000). Japan and the History of Development (Toland, The Rising Sun): Two Questions

33. Dominant Nationalism • Absence of Renaissance: Central Europe • Multi-ethnicity and land based expansion • Revolutionary Transformation and Collapse in the 20th Century • Primacy of the Party under “National Socialism” • Prefectoral Model of local state: Party Authority • Promoted a Mobilizing and social engineering model of state transformation Central European Corporatism:Socialism and Fascism WWII

34. António de Oliveira Salazar (1932)- Portuguese Overseas Territories • Franco and the Spanish Civil War • Peronism (Juan Peron: Argentina 1944) • Impact of the functions of government • Territorial Governors appointed by the President (Prefects) • The importance of Military control in regions -Spanish Military Governors called Presidencies Neo-Nationalism in Europe and Latin America (1930s)

35. Juan and Eva Peron and Francisco Franco “The Leaders”

36. Patronage (The Universal Problem) • Legalistic basis of governance in principle • Clientalist, class or mass based appeal, charisma • Community level political culture: “localismo” inward looking villages and communities Neo-Nationalism in Latin America (1940s)

37. Patronage in Mongolia

38. Kenneth J. Andrien, The Kingdom of Quito: The State and Regional Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Peter S. Cleaves, Bureaucratic Politics and Administration in Chile (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974). Keith Griffin, Underdevelopment in Spanish America: An Interpretation (London: Geoge Allen, 1969) Jack Hopkins, (ed.) Latin America: Perspectives on a Region (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1987). Howard J. Wiarda, Politics and social change in Latin America : still a distinct tradition? (Boulder : Westview Press, 1992). Further Reading on Latin America

39. Some have used the term “Totalitarianism” • Provided models for Corporatist “Development” • Legacy of Imperial and Socialist Land Based Empires (Germany, Russia, Austria and Turkey) • Corporatist and Commandist Variations Socialism and Fascism: WWII

40. 8. Decolonization after World War Two The Development Era

41. Egypt- 1922 Dutch East Indies- 1944 (Indonesia) Philippines (1946) India- 1947 Israel-1948 Sudan-1965 Ghana-1957 (The Deluge-1960) End of Sea Based Colonialism

42. President Omar al-Bashir • “Sleepless in Sudan” Sudan

43. World War II led to the collapse of over seas empires • Begins Japanese imperialism and Asian nationalism • The Atlantic Treaty and self-determinism • Two patterns: • Gandhi and non-violence and • Sukarno, Ho Chi Minh and violent resistance or revolution From Middle Class Nationalism to Mass Movements

44. “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”

45. Between 1945 and 1965 more than one hundred new states came into existence • Kwame Nkrumah “Seek ye first the Political Kingdom” • Implication was that economic development would follow Independence

46. In the 1940s and 1950s there was a rhetoric of Nationalism through out the World • Political Change (Nationalism in the Middle East, and Latin America) and Independence (Caribbean, Africa, and Asia (1960s-1970s) • Transformation in Eastern Europe and the CIS (1980s) The “Development Era” 1948-1989

47. 9. Nationalism, Independence and Theories of Development Socialism as a “Model?” Part of European Social Democracy Mixed vs. Command Economies

48. State Control • Social Engineering • Command Economy • Industrialization vs. Rural Transformation • State Managed Development Communist Theory and Development

49. The Great Helmsman

50. Keynesianism The Western Development Model