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Chapter 3 Sea to Sea Adding Provinces and Territories. By: Melodee and Dana. Heading West. Prime Minister Macdonald and the Fathers of Confederation dreamed of a country that would stretch from sea to sea. Many things had to change before those dreams could come true.
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Chapter 3 Sea to SeaAdding Provinces and Territories By: Melodee and Dana
Heading West • Prime Minister Macdonald and the Fathers of Confederation dreamed of a country that would stretch from sea to sea. • Many things had to change before those dreams could come true. • 1. Canadian gov’t had to negotiate with the First nations who lived on the prairies. The gov’t wanted their land for settlement. • 2. The gov’t wanted the illegal whisky trade that had sprung up there. • 3. The gov’t wanted to get ride of the American hunters and traders who roamed the prairies.
The North West Mounted Police (NWMP) • In 1874, Frederick Bagley came under the command of Colonel George Arthur French, the force’s 1st commissioner. • As a trumpeter, young Bagley was the one who would wake up the everyone in the morning, call them for lunch break and play a soft song for the people to sleep.
The Great March West • The NWMP on a horseback were dressed in bright red jackets. • Half of the men went to Fort Whoop-up, just north of Montana border, were whisky-trading bandits were hiding out. • The rest headed north. • Over the next few years, the Mounties, a police force came to be known, built forts throughout the Northwest. • These posts became their headquarters: • Fort Macleod, in the southwest corner of what is now Alberta. • Fort Calgary, on the Bow River. • Fort Walsh, in the Cypress Hills. • Fort Saskatchewan, on the north Saskatchewan River near present-day Edmonton.
Establishing law and order • When we think about police today, we think about men and women who catch criminals and keep us safe. • When NWMP was formed, its most important duties were to form good relations with First Nations and to get rid of whisky traders. • The police were the ones who: • Provided medicine • Gave out food to First Nations people when supplies were low • Delivered mail • Took the census • Acted as justices of the peace • Kept track of agricultural conditions • Settled fights
British Columbia Joins Canada • Gold rush was happening in British Columbia. • The governor of Vancouver Island, James Douglas, watched as American gold seekers flooded the area. • 3 things that made Douglas concerned and worried: • 1. United States was about to invade. • 2. He worried about gold seekers trespassing on Aboriginal land. • 3. He worried that they would violate First Nations own rights to the gold there. • Vancouver Island had its own colony since 1849. • The 2 colonies joined together in 1866. • 1871, the new province of British Columbia joined confederation, based on the promise of a transcontinental railway joining it to the rest of Canada.
Railway! • The big black locomotive chugged its way westward. • The train made its way from Montreal. • Building a railway had taken several years, cost millions of dollars, and had taken many lives of lots of people. • When the railway was finished being built it help change the face of Canadian society by bringing new people to western Canada.
The Pacific Scandal • Hugh Allan was a rich man. • He was an industrialist who owned his own steamship line. • Macdonald was getting ready for his second election in 1872 but he needed money to pay for his campaign. • There was a huge public outcry. • The affair became known as the Pacific Scandal.
A new start • When the railway was done being built John A. Macdonald’s Conservative hired a syndicate of a Canadian businessmen and European bankers to complete the project. • The new firm was called the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. • William Van Horne an American railway engineer was hired to oversee the construction. • It took 7 years and 15 000 men to build the railway.
The Klondike • George Carmack claimed he saw a huge gold nugget and pulled it from the ground. • He found the huge nugget in Rabbit Creek. • Rabbit Creek was renamed Bonanza Creek. • Many men had struck rich.
Prince Edward Island • P.E.I didn’t join Confederation in 1867. • The colony was concerned that they would be ignored in such a large country. • They also thought they would have to pay higher taxes. • They were happy to remain a colony of Britain. • By 1873, however, the people of P.E.I were tired of railway debts and British landlords who didn’t live on the island. • The island colony decided to join Canada because it was promised a steamship service to the mainland. • They were also promised six representative in the parliament. • Each person in PEI will receive $50. • On July 1, 1873, P.E.I became Canada’s 7th province.
Yukon • At the end of the 19th century, thousands of people travelled to the Yukon in search of gold. • In 1898, the Canadian gov’t made the Yukon a separate territory with its own council. • That way, it could better control the growth of the area. • Dawson City became its capital . • In 1952, Yukon’s capital moved to Whitehorse.
Alberta and Saskatchewan • When the population was growing so quickly, the federal gov’t decided to make a province in the North-West Territories. • This would allow roads, schools, and other service that the provinces were responsible for to be built. • In 1905, the territory was divided into two new provinces: Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Newfoundland • Newfoundland had been asked to join the new nation in 1867. • Some Newfoundlanders were excited by the ideas but others were not. • So then they decided not to join Canada. • The colony sank into an economic depression. • A journalist named Joseph (Joey) Smallwood led the campaign for confederation. • IN 1949, Newfoundland became the 10th province. • Joey Smallwood became its first premier. • In December 2001, the province’s official name became Newfoundland and Labrador.
Northwest Territories • As Canada grew in size, The Northwest Territories got smaller. • In 1870, the HBC sold all this land to Canada. • Over the years, new provinces and Territories were carved out of this huge piece of land. • These include Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Yukon Territory. • Older provinces- Ontario, Quebec, and Manitoba expanded their boundaries into the territory. • The western part is today’s Northwest territories.
Nunavut • Nunavut is an example of how Aboriginal self-gov’t can work. • The word Nunavut mean “our land” in the Inuktitut language. • The Nunavut gov’t does not have political parties. • Nunavut’s 1st premier, Paul Okalik, helped settle Inuit land claims. • He is one of the founders of Nunavut. • On April 1, 1999, Nunavut became a new territory of Canadian Confederation, with the capital city of Iqaluit.
Conclusion • In the years since Frederick Bagley, the trumpeter, walked to the North-West Territories, the land has not change very much. • But its boundaries on the map certainly have.
