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Being a woman in the 1600s Pirate typologies in the 1600s

Being a woman in the 1600s Pirate typologies in the 1600s. Fashions: http:// www.thefashionhistorian.com/2011/10/classifying-17th-century-part-1.html http://www.pinterest.com/mwojdak/17th-century-fashion/. Dressing up. … and some more. Respectable Women: the Wife.

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Being a woman in the 1600s Pirate typologies in the 1600s

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  1. Being a woman in the 1600sPirate typologies in the 1600s Fashions: http://www.thefashionhistorian.com/2011/10/classifying-17th-century-part-1.html http://www.pinterest.com/mwojdak/17th-century-fashion/

  2. Dressing up

  3. … and some more

  4. Respectable Women: the Wife Elizabeth Car, Lady Falkland (1585-1639) • Poet, translator, dramatist • 11 children • Disinherited by her farther • Abandoned to poverty by her husband, denied access to her children in 1626 due to her being publicly Catholic • Pressure to convert; custody battles • Author of the first original play in English written by a woman: Fair Queen of Jewry (1613)

  5. Respectable Women: the Widow Feliciana Enríquez de Guzman (1569-1644) • Studied at the University of Salamanca, disguised as a man • Earned degrees in theology and astrology before being found out • Author of several plays; Lope de Vega disliked her as a dramatist, but sympathized with her as a person • Two marriages: to a low-rank aristocrat, and to a lawyer; died a widow • A life plagued by economic difficulties, despite a relatively prominent social standing

  6. Respectable Women: the Nun Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1651-1695) • Born in Mexico, grandfather was an hacienda owner • Child prodigy, excelled in languages and math • Attempted to attend university in Mexico City in male disguise; continued her studies privately • At 17, astonishes a jury of theologians, law scholars, philosophers, and poets with her knowledge and insight • Supported by the Viceroys • Declines multiple marriage proposals, becomes a nun • Gains fame and recognition as a writer and poet • The church turns against her; condemned by the Archbishop of Mexico; ceased writing to avoid official censure • One of the most important intellectuals of her time, dies being denied access to her books and music as a form of penance

  7. Some stories were happy… Rachel Ruysh (1664-1750) • Daughter of a professor of botany • Painter of still lives, one of the two best Dutch masters of the genre, the other being Abraham Mignon • First female member of the Confreire Pictura in The Hague • Court painter for the court in Dusseldorf, 1708-16 • Married a portrait painter; 10 children • Lived into her 80s, actively painting

  8. “Piracy, Sexuality, Tyranny” • Anti-establishment sexual behavior linked to piracy in the 17th century • Aggression and unruly masculinity: not suited for domesticity, but serving and protecting English interests • The Double Marriage: the use of Turk as signifier of other religions, including other versions of Christianity • Nobility, chivalry, courtesy of the pirate: contrast with the King • The female pirate: defiance of the traditionally accepted female behavior; changes from formidable warrior (‘martial maid’) to a traitor and whore (‘slave to lust’)

  9. “Piracy and Mercantile Nationalism” • The Sea Voyage: central theme and debate is the definition of “piracy” • The Iberian represented by the Portuguese, the “others” represented by the French (in the interpretation of the play: Portugal = Spain; France = England) • Anti-Catholic sentiments, territorial aspirations, colonial struggle, and the ‘patriotic pirate’ modeled after Drake and Raleigh: men of action and vision whose heroic behavior is condonable in disputed locations • The two sides of seaborne violence, and the ambiguity towards policies being enacted at the time of writing of the play

  10. “All Change: Admirals, Pirates, Corruption” • The Unnatural Combat: Mediterranean corsairs • In the play: the pirate crisis is not so much a result of national/international issues, but of the corruption of the Admiral defending Marseilles • Defeating the Algerian pirates was historically possible by the joint effort of Spain, England, Holland, and France • Central question: when does lucrative violence at sea turn into piracy? • Flipped associations: the contrast between the pirates (fair payment, discipline on the ships, harmonious and honorable relationships, restraint and honor) and the government of Marseilles (chaos and corruption) • Once again, “Turk” comes to signify someone of different religion in general

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