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Understanding the Motivations Behind Terrorism: Strategic, Political, and Social Factors

This comprehensive exploration delves into why some organizations and individuals adopt terrorism as a strategy for political advancement. It analyzes various models including the Strategic, Realist, and Resource Mobilization theories, as well as the impact of demographics, education, and socioeconomic factors. The study addresses critical questions about who joins terrorist groups and the factors motivating their involvement, including ethno-nationalism, identity, and social networks. By examining case studies and diverse viewpoints, the work offers insight into the complex dynamics of terrorism and its implications for global security.

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Understanding the Motivations Behind Terrorism: Strategic, Political, and Social Factors

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Two Key Questions • Why do some organizations and individuals choose terrorism as a strategy to further their political agendas? • Who joins terrorist organizations and why?

  2. Why Do Organizations Choose Terrorism? • Strategic or Instrumental Model • Realist Model • The Democracy Factor • Ethno-nationalism • Expectations-Frustration-Aggression • Resource Mobilization Theory

  3. 1. Strategic or Instrumental Model Cost Benefit Analysis

  4. Israel Pre-1967 Israel Post-1967 PLO Argument?

  5. 2. Realist Model • Power matters • The powerful ignore the weak • Demonstrating your power makes you a player

  6. Demonstrating your power For a nation-state For a non-state actor Sept. 11, 2001 • North Korea ballistic missile test 2009

  7. 3. Democracy as a factor? • As target • Nationality of Terrorists • Negotiations? Gerry Adams, MP Velupillai Prabhakaran of Sinn Fein of the LTTE

  8. Palestine Flag Independent Tamil state? 4. Ethno-nationalism

  9. Ethno-nationalism

  10. 5. Expectations-Frustration-Aggression • Davies J-Curve Q U Expectations A L I Expectation Gap T Y O reality F L I F TIME E

  11. Arafat with Soviet Foreign Minister Gromyko, 1978 Hizbullah Chief Hassan Nasrullah with Iranian Pres. Ahmadenijad 6. Resource Mobilization Theory

  12. FARC rebels loading cocaine shipment Taliban cultivating opium Narco-terrorism

  13. Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why • Leaders vs. members • Full Time vs. Part Time OBL OBL Driver Salim Hamdan $200/month

  14. 1. Poverty and lack of Education? World’s Poorest Nations • Burundi ... $90 • Ethiopia ... $110 • Democratic Republic of Congo ... $110 • Liberia ... $110 • Malawi ... $160 • Guinea-Bissau ... $160 • Eritrea ... $190 • Niger ... $210 • Sierra Leone ... $210 • Rwanda ... $210From: World Bank data http://internationaltrade.suite101.com/article.cfm/world_s_poorest_countries#ixzz0PxjgeGro

  15. Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri al-Jihad, al-Qaeda Prof. Abimael Guzman, Shining Path Education?

  16. 2. Demographic Profile? • Age: 20-29 • Unmarried, except Salafists • Drop outs • Urban vs. Rural terrorists • Left vs. Right • Male vs. female

  17. 3. Ideology Left Right Religious Ulrike Meinhof, Timothy Ramzi Yousef, RAF McVeigh WTC, 1993

  18. 4. Economic Factors • Unemployment and Underemployment? • From: WTRG Economics, Oil Price History and Analysis, http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm

  19. 5. Transitions • From Council on Foreign Relations, http://blogs.cfr.org/setser/2008/04/28/120-oil-and-the-rise-of-the-gulf/

  20. Transitions • Signing of Civil Rights Act, July 2, 1964

  21. 6. Alienation, Humiliation, Identity • Aum Shinrikyo’s Asahara Shoko and followers

  22. Uncle Khaled Sheiikh Mohammed Nephew Ramzi Yousef 7. Social Networks

  23. 8. Prison, Torture, Revenge Abu Musab al-Zarqawi (Ahmed al-Khalayleh), imprisoned in Jordan 1992-1997 AQ in Iraq, leader until 2006 9. Money FARC-controlled areas

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