Review Human Populations

1. Review Human Populations • 1. A variable that influences an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population is known as: • Carrying capacity • Limiting Resource • Density-dependent factor • Density-independent factor • Age Structure The correct answer is (C). 2. A country with a greater number of younger people than older people has an age structure diagram that resembles which of the following? A. A pyramid B. A column C. An inverted pyramid D. An inverted column E. A kite The correct answer is (A).

2. 3. According to the theory of demographic transition, a country in phase 1 demographic transition will experience which of the following? A. Declining population growth B. Stable population growth C. Rapid population growth D. Slow population growth E. No population growth The correct answer is (D). 4. The IPAT equation was developed to estimate A. The affluence of a country’s population. B. The rate of demographic transition. C. The impact of human lifestyles on Earth. D. The gross domestic product of a country. E. The effect of urbanization on resource use. The correct answer is (C). The IPAT equation, or I = P × A × T 5. A country has a Net Immigration Rate of 3 per 1,000; a Crude Birth Rate (CBR) of 9 per 1,000; and a Crude Death Rate (CDR) of 11 per 1,000. What is the growth rate of this country? A. 0.1% B. 0.2% C. 0.5% D. 1% E. 2% (9 + 3) – (11 + 0) X 100 = 0.1% 1000 The correct answer is (A). 

3. 6. In a Type I survivorship curve, the number of survivors remains stable, but eventually decreases sharply at a particular upper age limit. In a Type II survivorship curve, the number of survivors steadily decreases proportionally with an increase in age. Which of the following inferences can be drawn from the descriptions of survivorship curves provided above? A. type I could represent a house mouse, which is a typical r-selected species. B. Type II could be the average of r-selected and K-selected species in a specific area. C. Type II could represent elephants, which are typical K-selected species. D. Type I could represent an oak tree species that experiences very low survivorship early and late in life. E. Type II could represent a coral species that exhibits a constant decline in survivorship throughout its life. The correct answer is (E). 7. Which of the following describes the shape of the logistic growth model with time as the independent variable and population growth as the dependent variable? A. Parabolic-shaped curve B. J-shaped curve C. S-shaped curve D. Straight line E. U-shaped curve The correct answer is (C).

4. 8. Which of the following is an r-selected (adapted) species? A. Elephants B. Mice C. Gorillas D. Wolves E. Whales The correct answer is (B). 9. Which of the following population descriptions portrays the number of individuals in a particular age category? A. Population size B. Population density C. Population distribution D. Population sex ratio E. Population age structure The correct answer is (E). 10. The average number of offspring required to offset the average number of deaths in a population so that the population remains stable is referred to as: A. Crude birth rate B. Crude death rate C. Replacement level fertility D. Total fertility rate E. Infant mortality The correct answer is (C).

5. 11. Use the graph to answer question 11: During which phase(s) of the demographic transition does the death rate decline while the birth rate remains high, and the population grows rapidly? A. Phase 1 B. Phase 2 C. Phase 3 D. Phase 4 E. Phases 1 and 2 The correct answer is (B).

6. 12. Use the age structure diagram to answer question 12: A country with an age structure like the one shown above will experience: A. A rapidly growing population B. Stable population growth C. A decline in population D. High life expectancy E. High infant mortality The correct answer is (C).  13. Which of the following illustrates a global impact related to population growth? A. Traffic into cities creates traffic jams and increases travel time into and out of developments B. The conversion of forested areas into agricultural land reduces the uptake of carbon dioxide by plants C. Converting land into agricultural land can cause erosion D. The building of new developments decreases habitat for local wildlife E. Greater amounts of solid waste are produced in cities The correct answer is (B).

7. 14. Which of the follow represents a practice used by countries striving for sustainable development? A. Exclusive use of fossil fuels B. Free public transportation C. Conversion of agricultural land into suburban developments D. Avoiding agricultural best practices E. Importing produce that can be grown locally The correct answer is (B). 15. Which line on the chart CORRECTLY matches the traits for K-selected and r-selected species? The correct answer is (A). 

8. 16. A population cycle that is marked by regular increase and decrease in its number is correctly said to be • Boom and bust • Irruptive • Stable • Logistic • Irregular The correct answer is (A). • 17. The demographic transition model is used to study the • Effects of migration patterns • Influence of industrialization on population growth and decline • Location of large population centers • Benefits of mass transportation projects • Negative effects of pollution on the habitat The correct answer is (B). • 18. When a population encounters environmental resistance it is most likely to • Continue its high growth rate • Mutate to form and continue growing • Slow down its growth rate • Move to a higher growth rate • Have no effect on the growth rate The correct answer is (C).

9. 19. Which of the following would be least likely to be affected by a density dependent limiting factor? • A small, scattered population • A population with a high birth rate • A large, dense population • A population with a high immigration rate • None of the above The correct answer is (A). • 20. A population showing a growth rate of 20, 40, 60, 80…would be characteristic of • Logarithmic growth • Exponential growth • Static growth • Arithmetic (linear) growth • Power curve growth The correct answer is (D). • 21. Which of the following statements is false? • The United States, while having only 5% of the world’s population, consumes 25% of the world’s resources. • Up to 50% of all plants and animals could become extinct within the next 100 years • In 1990, 20% of the world’s population controlled 80% of the world’s wealth • Every second, five people are born and two people die, a net gain of three people. • They are all true statements The correct answer is (E).

10. 22. Biotic potential refers to • An estimate of the maximum capacity of living things to survive and reproduce under optimal environmental conditions • The proportion of the population of each sex at each age category • The ratio of total live births to total population • A factor that influences population growth and that increases in magnitude with an increase in the size of density of the population • Events and phenomenon of nature that act to keep population sizes stable The correct answer is (A). • 23. Pronatalists(people in favor of having many children) would include all of the following except • Many children die early due to health and environmental conditions • Children are expensive and time intensive • Children provide extra income for families • Children provide security for parents when the parents reach old age • Status of the family is often determined by the number of children The correct answer is (B). • 24. The main reason that the population of Russia is declining is • The government instituted taxation incentives for having smaller families • The success of birth control • Mandatory sterilization • The standard of living has declined • Massive emigration The correct answer is (D).

11. 25. Which of the following factors is associated with the highest potential for population growth? • High percentage of people under age 18 • High percentage of people in their 30s • High percentage of people in their 50s • High percentage of people in high-income groups • High percentage of people in low-income groups The correct answer is (A). • 26. On which continent are most of the developed countries located? • Africa • Asia • Europe • North America • South America The correct answer is (C). • 27. Which of the following issues does not directly affect human population size? • Poverty • Culture • Disease • Habitat destruction • Government policy The correct answer is (D).

12. 28. Of the following limiting factors of a population, which in not a density dependent factor? • Temperature fluctuation • Disease • Soil nutrients • Availability of space • Predation The correct answer is (A). • 29. Which of the following organisms shows a Type III survivorship curve? • Lizard • Oak tree • Elephant • Mosquito • Panda The correct answer is (D). • 30. In the transitional stage of demographic transition, why does the death rate fall? • Movement of people into urban areas • Less disease on a global scale • More efficient and reliable food production and medical advancements • Fewer births • Fewer work related accidents The correct answer is (C).

13. What word describes individuals leaving a population? • Emigration • 32. A population has a growth rate of 2 percent per year. How long will it take for this population to double? • 35 years • 33. Which disease is having a severe negative impact on the population in Sub-Saharan Africa? • HIV/AIDS • 34. The number of children as average woman would have, assuming that she lives her full reproductive lifetime, is known as the • TFR • Territorial animals display which type of distribution? • Uniformed