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Virginia Henderson (1897-1996)

Virginia Henderson (1897-1996). By: Katie Lewandowski, Jennifer Cartwright, and Kimberly Teeple. Introduction. A modern legend in nursing, Virginia Henderson has earned the title "foremost nurse of the 20th century” (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2012)

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Virginia Henderson (1897-1996)

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  1. Virginia Henderson (1897-1996) By: Katie Lewandowski, Jennifer Cartwright, and Kimberly Teeple

  2. Introduction • A modern legend in nursing, Virginia Henderson has earned the title "foremost nurse of the 20th century” (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2012) • Her contributions are compared to those of Florence Nightingale because of their far-reaching effects on the national and international nursing communities (ANA, 2012) • She holds twelve honorary doctoral degrees and has received the International Council of Nursing's ChristianneReimann Prize, which is considered nursing's most prestigious award (ANA, 2012).

  3. Historical Background • Born in Kansas City, Missouri, on November 30, 1897 (ANA, 2012). • Henderson was the fifth of eight children (ANA, 2012). • In 1918, she entered the Army School of Nursing in Washington, DC, and received her diploma in 1921 (ANA, 2012). • Henderson's commitment to teaching was evident as early as 1924, when she accepted her first position as an instructor (ANA, 2012). • In 1934, she joined the nursing faculty at Teachers College, Columbia University, where she had earned bachelor of science and master of arts degrees in nursing education (ANA, 2012).

  4. Historical Background Cont… • She revised Bertha Harmer's Textbook of the Principles and Practice of Nursing, which was published in 1939 and has been widely adopted by schools of nursing (ANA, 2012). • In 1953, Henderson accepted a position at Yale University School of Nursing as research associate for a funded project designed to survey and assess the status of nursing research in the United States (ANA, 2012). • Following completion of the survey, Henderson was funded to direct the Nursing Studies Index Project from 1959 to 1971 (ANA, 2012).

  5. Historical Background Cont… • The outcome of this project was publication of the four-volume Nursing Studies Index, the first annotated index of nursing research (ANA, 2012). • Henderson was subsequently named research associate emeritus at Yale University (ANA, 2012). • In 1979, the Connecticut Nurses Association established the Virginia Henderson Award for outstanding contributions to nursing research (ANA, 2012). • Henderson was the first to receive this honor (ANA, 2012).

  6. Interpretation • Henderson concept was thought to be one of “little change.” • Being in the health care business for 70 years, Henderson continued to read widely, observe other approaches to health care, consult with many nurses and represent the nursing profession worldwide. Henderson’s views were sometimes controversial but frequently prescient. • She was a strong advocate for building the nursing discipline through empirical research. Henderson was also an observer of health care systems and individual needs (Abrams, 2007).

  7. Values about Nursing • Henderson has advocated humane and holistic care for patients (ANA, 2012). • She raised important issues in health care (ANA, 2012). • Authored one of the most accurate definitions of nursing (ANA, 2012). • Promoted nursing research as the basis for nursing knowledge (ANA, 2012). • Represented nursing with dignity, honor, and grace (ANA, 2012).

  8. Henderson’s Model • Global Concepts (Chitty & Black, 2011). • Human Being • Environment • Health • Nursing

  9. Henderson’s Model Cont… • Human Being • Have basic needs that are component of health. • Considers the biological, psychological, sociological and spiritual components. • Requires assistance to achieve health and independence or a peaceful death (Nursing theories, 2012).

  10. Henderson’s Model Cont… • Environment • Fourteen components that are based on human needs. Basic nursing care provides conditions under which the patient can perform the fourteen activities unaided. • Setting in which an individual learns unique pattern for living (Nursing theories, 2012).

  11. Henderson’s Model Cont… • Health • Nurses need to stress promotion of health and prevention and cure of diseases. • Based on individuals ability to function independently as outlined in the fourteen components (Nursing theories, 2012).

  12. Henderson’s Model Cont… • Nursing • Temporarily assists an individual who lacks the necessary strength, will, and knowledge to satisfy one or more of the fourteen basic needs. • Nurse serves to make patient complete, whole or independent. • Nurses role “ to get inside the patients skin and supplement his strength, will or knowledge according to his needs (Nursing theories, 2012).

  13. Basic Needs • Virginia Henderson has fourteen components to her theory. • One- nine are physiological (Chitty & Black, 2011). • Ten and fourteen are psychological aspects of communication and learning (Chitty & Black, 2011). • The eleventh component addresses spiritual and moral (Chitty & Black, 2011). • The twelfth and thirteenth are sociologically oriented to occupation and recreation (Chitty & Black, 2011).

  14. Basic Needs Cont… • Henderson’s 14 Basic Needs (1-7): • Breath normally. • Eat and drink adequately. • Eliminate waste. • Move and maintain desirable postures. • Sleep and rest. • Select suitable clothes- dress and undress. • Maintain body temperature.

  15. Basic Needs Cont… • Henderson’s 14 Basic Needs (8-14): • Keep the body clean, protect the integument. • Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others. • Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears or opinions. • Worship according to one’s faith. • Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment. • Play or participate in various forms of recreation. • Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities (Nursing theories, 2012).

  16. What Influenced Henderson? • Henderson’s philosophical approach to nursing is contained in her comprehensive definition: the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge (Chitty & Black, 2011).

  17. Philosophy Influence • Meeting the 14 fundamental needs of the client has been a great basis to further improve our performances towards nursing care (Raymond & Basilio, 2009). • It is very evident in the clinical settings how the nurse carries the tasked to assist the client in meeting his or her needs - may it be physical, social, emotional or spiritual by addressing the patient’s ability to breath normally, eat and drink adequately and eliminate body wastes as primary concerns that the nurse should address (Raymond & Basilio, 2009).

  18. Is the Philosophy Unique to Nursing? • Yes, every patient we as nurses encounter we do a quick assessment of the 14 basic needs especially paying close attention to first need- breathing normally. • Her patient-centered theory stressed the importance of the nurse's relationship to the patient and the development of nursing practices (Raymond & Basilio, 2009).

  19. Henderson’s Model in Practice • Breathing is vital and Henderson’s first basic need of breathing normally is at most assessed at all times (Raymond & Basilio, 2009). • Her application on nursing gives assertion to initiate immediate provision of biological needs such as nasogastric tube insertion for feeding to maintain nourishment, while catheterization is suggested for patients requiring general surgeries to help them excrete waste while on the process of inability to do it consciously (Raymond & Basilio, 2009).

  20. Henderson’s Model in Practice Cont… • It is very evident in the clinical settings how the nurse carries the tasked to assist the client in meeting his or her needs - may it be physical, social, emotional or spiritual by addressing the patient’s ability to breath normally, eat and drink adequately and eliminate body wastes as primary concerns that the nurse should address (Raymond& Basilio, 2009). • Whether you work in the emergency room, medical floor, surgical floor, or even obstetrics we use Henderson’s model daily in your practice.

  21. Case Study An 81 year old woman presents to the emergency room with shortness of breath, fatigue, and bilateral leg swelling. Chest x-ray on admission is consistent with congestive heart failure. Lung sounds are diminished with crackles in the bases. Legs have 2-3+ pitting edema. Patient admits to being non-compliant with taking her medications, specifically her diuretic and ACE inhibitor. Patient’s past medical history is significant for a myocardial infarction and repeat admissions for congestive heart failure. Patient has also had bilateral hip replacements and ambulates somewhat unsteadily with a cane. Patient is widowed and lives alone, though she has a son and daughter-in-law who live nearby and check up on her once a week. Based on the concepts in Virginia Henderson’s nursing theory, how would you provide nursing care to this patient?

  22. Scholarly Articles and Web Links • Articles: • Virginia Henderson's principles and practice of nursing applied to organ donation after brain death. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21485946 • Body temperature and its importance as a vital constant. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19839238 • Lack of care givers' knowledge causes unnecessary suffering in elderly patients. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2584545 • Web Links: • http://www.nursingworld.org/FunctionalMenuCategories/AboutANA/Honoring-Nurses/HallofFame/19962000Inductees/hendva5545.aspx • http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Henderson.html • http://nursinghenderson2009.blogspot.com/2009/07/application-of-hendersons-work_14.html

  23. References • Abrams, S.E.(2007). Nursing the Community, a look back at the 1984 dialogue between Virginia A. Henderson and Sherry L. Shamansky. Public Health Nursing, 24(4), 382-386. • American Nurses Association. (2012). ANA hall of fameinductee. Nursing World. Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/FunctionalMenuCategories/AboutANA/Ho noring-Nurses/HallofFame/19962000Inductees/hendva5545.aspx • Chitty, K.K., & Black, B.P.  (2011). Professional nursing: Concepts and challenges(6th ed.) Maryland Heights, MO: Saunders • Nursing theories, (2012), Virginia Henderson’s Need Theory. Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Henderson.html • Raymond, A., Basilio, J. 2009. Application of Henderson’s work. Henderson’s Philosophy in Nursing. Retrieved from http://nursinghenderson2009.blogspot.com/2009/07/application- of-hendersons-work_14.html

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