SASSI Annual Conference 2006

1. SASSI Annual Conference 2006 Korean Nuclear Programs and Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy 16-17 November 2006 Poong Eil Juhn, Ph.D. Senior Advisor Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

2. Korea�s National Nuclear Energy Policy Basic Principle Promoting Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy Securing Nuclear Safety Goals To provide a stable electricity supply through the development of nuclear energy To achieve self-reliance on nuclear technology To make the nuclear industry one of the major export industries through international cooperation Basic Principles of Korea�s Nuclear Energy Policy are to promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to secure nuclear safety. And the goals are : To provide a stable electricity supply through the development of nuclear energy; To achieve self-reliance on nuclear technology; and To make the nuclear industry one of the major export industries through international cooperation. Basic Principles of Korea�s Nuclear Energy Policy are to promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to secure nuclear safety. And the goals are : To provide a stable electricity supply through the development of nuclear energy; To achieve self-reliance on nuclear technology; and To make the nuclear industry one of the major export industries through international cooperation.

3. Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) is primarily responsible to promote as well as to regulate nuclear technology development. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) conducts main nuclear R&D activities while Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS) is doing safety and regulatory works.Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) is primarily responsible to promote as well as to regulate nuclear technology development. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) conducts main nuclear R&D activities while Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS) is doing safety and regulatory works.

4. Development of Nuclear Power Technology in Korea Development of nuclear power technology in Korea can be categorized in 2 stages : The 1st stage is �Transfer of Nuclear Technology from Overseas�, from late 1950s until late1970s. When IAEA was established in 1957, Korea joined as a Member State of IAEA in 1957. Through TC projects of the IAEA, many Korean scientists and engineers have been trained overseas and accumulated knowledge for peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The 1st research reactor, TRIGA Mark-II was operated in 1962. In 1978, the 1st Nuclear Power Plant in Korea, Kori unit 1 operated, which began to open nuclear power era in Korea. The 2nd stage is �Indigenous Technology Development�, from early 1980s. Through the localization plan and indigenous development of Korean Standard Nuclear Power Plant (KSNP) in 1980s, Korea successfully achieved self-reliance in nuclear power technology in 1990s. Korea is currently operating 20 nuclear power plants. Korea becomes the 6th largest nuclear power country in the world.Development of nuclear power technology in Korea can be categorized in 2 stages : The 1st stage is �Transfer of Nuclear Technology from Overseas�, from late 1950s until late1970s. When IAEA was established in 1957, Korea joined as a Member State of IAEA in 1957. Through TC projects of the IAEA, many Korean scientists and engineers have been trained overseas and accumulated knowledge for peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The 1st research reactor, TRIGA Mark-II was operated in 1962. In 1978, the 1st Nuclear Power Plant in Korea, Kori unit 1 operated, which began to open nuclear power era in Korea. The 2nd stage is �Indigenous Technology Development�, from early 1980s. Through the localization plan and indigenous development of Korean Standard Nuclear Power Plant (KSNP) in 1980s, Korea successfully achieved self-reliance in nuclear power technology in 1990s. Korea is currently operating 20 nuclear power plants. Korea becomes the 6th largest nuclear power country in the world.

5. Nuclear Power Plants in Korea This map shows the location of nuclear power plants in Korea. There are currently 20 nuclear power plants in operation, which supplies more than 40 percents of total electricity demands in Korea. Among 20 nuclear power plants, 16 are Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) and 4 are Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR) or CANDU. 8 plants are Korea Standard Nuclear Power Plants (KSNP). KSNP has been recently renamed as OPR-1000. 4 improved version of KSNP plants, namely KSNP+ plants, are under construction at two sites. Ground breaking ceremony to construct two new indigenously designed nuclear power plants, APR-1400, took place at the end of August, 2006.This map shows the location of nuclear power plants in Korea. There are currently 20 nuclear power plants in operation, which supplies more than 40 percents of total electricity demands in Korea. Among 20 nuclear power plants, 16 are Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) and 4 are Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR) or CANDU. 8 plants are Korea Standard Nuclear Power Plants (KSNP). KSNP has been recently renamed as OPR-1000. 4 improved version of KSNP plants, namely KSNP+ plants, are under construction at two sites. Ground breaking ceremony to construct two new indigenously designed nuclear power plants, APR-1400, took place at the end of August, 2006.

6. Current Status of NPP in Korea This slide shows contractors of NSSS and T/G; unit capacities; and commercial operation dates of 20 nuclear power plants, which are currently operated at 4 sites in Korea. (On the next 4 slides, I will show you the view of 4 sites of nuclear power plants in Korea.)This slide shows contractors of NSSS and T/G; unit capacities; and commercial operation dates of 20 nuclear power plants, which are currently operated at 4 sites in Korea. (On the next 4 slides, I will show you the view of 4 sites of nuclear power plants in Korea.)

7. This is the site view of Kori nuclear power plants, where 4 units of PWR plants in operation. Those 4 plants were supplied by Westinghouse, USA. The unit capacity of two plants, which have spherical shape of containment dome at left-hand side in the picture is 950 MW each. And that of another two units having cylindrical shape of containment dome at right-hand side in the picture is 700 MW each. Kori unit 1, which is shown at the far left corner in the picture, is the first nuclear power plant in Korea, which has been operated since 1978. With the commissioning of Kori unit 1, Korea became the 21st nation having nuclear power plant in the world. Another 4 units of PWR plants - two 1000MW improved Korea Standard Nuclear Plants (KSNP+), or OPR-1000+ ; and two 1400 MW APR-1400 plants- are under initial stage of construction, near to this site. This is the site view of Kori nuclear power plants, where 4 units of PWR plants in operation. Those 4 plants were supplied by Westinghouse, USA. The unit capacity of two plants, which have spherical shape of containment dome at left-hand side in the picture is 950 MW each. And that of another two units having cylindrical shape of containment dome at right-hand side in the picture is 700 MW each. Kori unit 1, which is shown at the far left corner in the picture, is the first nuclear power plant in Korea, which has been operated since 1978. With the commissioning of Kori unit 1, Korea became the 21st nation having nuclear power plant in the world. Another 4 units of PWR plants - two 1000MW improved Korea Standard Nuclear Plants (KSNP+), or OPR-1000+ ; and two 1400 MW APR-1400 plants- are under initial stage of construction, near to this site.

8. This is the site view of 4 Wolsong CANDU units, whose unit capacity is 700 MW each. These 4 plants were supplied by AECL, Canada. Two more 1000 MW PWR units, which are improved Korea Standard Nuclear Plants (KSNP+) or OPR-1000+, are under construction near this site.This is the site view of 4 Wolsong CANDU units, whose unit capacity is 700 MW each. These 4 plants were supplied by AECL, Canada. Two more 1000 MW PWR units, which are improved Korea Standard Nuclear Plants (KSNP+) or OPR-1000+, are under construction near this site.

9. This is the view of Yonggwang site, where 6 PWR units are in operation. Two 950 MW units, located at the left-hand side, were supplied by Westinghouse, USA. The other four units are 1000 Mwe KSNP or OPR-1000 units.This is the view of Yonggwang site, where 6 PWR units are in operation. Two 950 MW units, located at the left-hand side, were supplied by Westinghouse, USA. The other four units are 1000 Mwe KSNP or OPR-1000 units.

10. This is the view of Ulchin site, where 6 PWR plants are in operation. Two 950 MW PWR units, having cylindrical shape of containment dome at the right-hand side, were supplied by Framatome, France. The other four 1000 MW PWR units are KSNP or OPR-1000 units. This is the view of Ulchin site, where 6 PWR plants are in operation. Two 950 MW PWR units, having cylindrical shape of containment dome at the right-hand side, were supplied by Framatome, France. The other four 1000 MW PWR units are KSNP or OPR-1000 units.

11. Korean indigenous nuclear power technology development program has been successfully implemented, through 8 Korean Standard Nuclear Plants (KSNP), namely Yonggwang units 3,4,5 &6;and Ulchin units 3,4,5 & 6. In 1998, by recognizing the limitations in enhancing plant economics by incremental design improvements, the KSNP Improvement Program has been launched, and the KSNP+, or OPR+, an improved design based on the proven safety and performance of the KSNP has been developed. 4 units of KSNP+ are now under construction at two sites in Korea, namely at the Shin Kori site and Shin Wolsong site. To further improve the safety and economics, the Korean nuclear industry have developed the large-size advanced design, APR-1400, since 1991. Ground breaking ceremony to construct two units of APR-1400 took place very recently at the Shin Kori site. Korean experience on evolutionary design development starting from the imported foreign technology could be a good model case for those countries, like Turkey, who are willing to achieve self-reliance in nuclear power technology development.Korean indigenous nuclear power technology development program has been successfully implemented, through 8 Korean Standard Nuclear Plants (KSNP), namely Yonggwang units 3,4,5 &6;and Ulchin units 3,4,5 & 6. In 1998, by recognizing the limitations in enhancing plant economics by incremental design improvements, the KSNP Improvement Program has been launched, and the KSNP+, or OPR+, an improved design based on the proven safety and performance of the KSNP has been developed. 4 units of KSNP+ are now under construction at two sites in Korea, namely at the Shin Kori site and Shin Wolsong site. To further improve the safety and economics, the Korean nuclear industry have developed the large-size advanced design, APR-1400, since 1991. Ground breaking ceremony to construct two units of APR-1400 took place very recently at the Shin Kori site. Korean experience on evolutionary design development starting from the imported foreign technology could be a good model case for those countries, like Turkey, who are willing to achieve self-reliance in nuclear power technology development.

12. Construction of Indigenous Nuclear Power Plants in Korea This chart summarizes the current status and future construction plan of indigenously developed nuclear power plants in Korea. 8 KSNP (or OPR-1000) plants have been added at two sites. 4 KSNP+ (or OPR-1000+) plants began to construct at two sites in 2005. 2 APR-1400 plants just began to construct in August, 2006 and 2 more APR-1400 is in planning stage. This chart summarizes the current status and future construction plan of indigenously developed nuclear power plants in Korea. 8 KSNP (or OPR-1000) plants have been added at two sites. 4 KSNP+ (or OPR-1000+) plants began to construct at two sites in 2005. 2 APR-1400 plants just began to construct in August, 2006 and 2 more APR-1400 is in planning stage.

13. This chart show the long-term power development plan in Korea, which was established in August, 2002. According to the plan, the total installed electricity generation capacity in Korea will reach over 78,000 MW by the year 2015. And nuclear power will become the most importance source for electrical power generation in Korea. Nuclear share will become 37%, while the share of coal and gas fired power will steadily decrease to 31% and 21%, respectively. This chart show the long-term power development plan in Korea, which was established in August, 2002. According to the plan, the total installed electricity generation capacity in Korea will reach over 78,000 MW by the year 2015. And nuclear power will become the most importance source for electrical power generation in Korea. Nuclear share will become 37%, while the share of coal and gas fired power will steadily decrease to 31% and 21%, respectively.

14. Foreign Currency Savings by Nuclear Power As you see in this slide, a successful implementation of nuclear power program in Korea contributes to Korean economy by saving foreign currency significantly. As an example, in year 2001, actual nuclear fuel cost required to generate 112,000 GWh electricity by nuclear power plant was only 400 million dollars. If16 nuclear power plants were not available in 2001, the equivalent fuel cost to produce the same amount of electricity generation by coal fired plants would have been 1,200 million dollars, which were 3 times higher than nuclear fuel cost. The equivalent fuel cost to produce the same amount of electricity generation by LNG fired plants would have been 8,000 million dollars, which were 20 times higher than nuclear fuel cost. In other words, in year 2001, as a result of operation of 16 nuclear power plants in Korea, 7.6 Billions of U.S. dollars were calculated as savings, comparing with case of natural gas. As you see in this slide, a successful implementation of nuclear power program in Korea contributes to Korean economy by saving foreign currency significantly. As an example, in year 2001, actual nuclear fuel cost required to generate 112,000 GWh electricity by nuclear power plant was only 400 million dollars. If16 nuclear power plants were not available in 2001, the equivalent fuel cost to produce the same amount of electricity generation by coal fired plants would have been 1,200 million dollars, which were 3 times higher than nuclear fuel cost. The equivalent fuel cost to produce the same amount of electricity generation by LNG fired plants would have been 8,000 million dollars, which were 20 times higher than nuclear fuel cost. In other words, in year 2001, as a result of operation of 16 nuclear power plants in Korea, 7.6 Billions of U.S. dollars were calculated as savings, comparing with case of natural gas.

15. Savings on Energy Imports by Nuclear Power This figure shows the trend of imported energy as a fraction of total energy consumption. As shown in this slide, the difference between two curves represents the savings of energy imports by nuclear power. For example, the saving on energy imports by nuclear in 2001 was as high as 14.1%. Also, this slide clearly shows that the actual imported energy fractions have been decreased over the early 1980s and the late1990s as the share of nuclear electricity increases during those periods.This figure shows the trend of imported energy as a fraction of total energy consumption. As shown in this slide, the difference between two curves represents the savings of energy imports by nuclear power. For example, the saving on energy imports by nuclear in 2001 was as high as 14.1%. Also, this slide clearly shows that the actual imported energy fractions have been decreased over the early 1980s and the late1990s as the share of nuclear electricity increases during those periods.

16. Reduction of CO2 Emission by Nuclear Power Since nuclear power emits almost no greenhouse gases to the environment, for example, reduction of 89 million tons of CO2 gas emission was resulted in 2001, due to successful operation of 16 nuclear power plants in Korea. Since nuclear power emits almost no greenhouse gases to the environment, for example, reduction of 89 million tons of CO2 gas emission was resulted in 2001, due to successful operation of 16 nuclear power plants in Korea.

17. International cooperation is very much emphasized in Korea in connection with technology development for peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Korea currently maintains nuclear co-operation agreements with 19 countries, in order to share nuclear knowledge and experiences to promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Korea has joined two International Co-operation Projects for Innovative Nuclear Power Technology Development for the future, Generation IV International Forum (GIF) and International Projects on Innovative Nuclear Reactor and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) as a charter member since 2001 when these two international projects were established. GIF, led by USA, currently has 12 members, while INPRO, organized by the IAEA has 26 members.International cooperation is very much emphasized in Korea in connection with technology development for peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Korea currently maintains nuclear co-operation agreements with 19 countries, in order to share nuclear knowledge and experiences to promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Korea has joined two International Co-operation Projects for Innovative Nuclear Power Technology Development for the future, Generation IV International Forum (GIF) and International Projects on Innovative Nuclear Reactor and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) as a charter member since 2001 when these two international projects were established. GIF, led by USA, currently has 12 members, while INPRO, organized by the IAEA has 26 members.

18. Conclusive Remarks Nuclear power is essential for electricity supply not only in Korea but also in many parts of the world. In light of Korean experience, the international cooperation is very important for nuclear technology development for peaceful uses. Korea is willing to share its experience on indigenous nuclear technology development with other developing countries. Nuclear power is essential for electricity supply not only in Korea but also in many parts of the world. During the past three decades, Korea has accomplished an outstanding achievement in self-reliance in nuclear technology development. Korea is willing to share its experience in nuclear technology development with other developing countries. Thank you very much for your kind attention !Nuclear power is essential for electricity supply not only in Korea but also in many parts of the world. During the past three decades, Korea has accomplished an outstanding achievement in self-reliance in nuclear technology development. Korea is willing to share its experience in nuclear technology development with other developing countries. Thank you very much for your kind attention !