Unit 2, Book Ⅱ A New English Course

1. The School of Foreign Languages of NUAA Unit 2, BookⅡ A New English Course

2. Contents • Language Practice Structure • Dialogue I Friday Evening or not • Dialogue II Invitations • Reading I Stunts in the Cinema • Reading II Soap Opera • Guided Writing

3. Language Structure Practice

4. Grammar The nominal clause used as • the subject complement introduced by that (predictive clauses) The fact was that John Brown had a car accident • the subject complement introduced by a wh- word The scissors are not what I need. • the appositive (appositive clauses) Have you heard the news that all English students will have to pass a proficiency test before they can graduate? • the subject introduced by what (subject clauses) What I told him was that I would find him a good play. • The object ( object clauses)

5. Subject clauses Introduced by that, whether That he is always ready to help others is known to all. Whether we go or not depends on the weather. It’s impossible that one can master a new language in a month. Is it a question whether he can buy a ticket? • Introduced by who, whom, which what Who was responsible for that accident is not yet clear. What they need is a good text book. Which group will go remains unknown. • Introduced by when, where, how, why When we shall take up the work is an important question. Where we will go on a picnic has not yet been decided. Why the meeting was postponed is quite clear now. Notes: Subject clauses sometimes begin with it in order to achieve the balance of sentences.

6. Predictive clauses • Introduced by whether, if, that The reason is (that) he is ill The question is whether we shall stay here or not. • Introduced by what, who, which That is what he did. The question is who he is. • Introduced by when, where, why, how That’s where I can not agree with you. The important thing is how we can get there.

7. Appositive clauses • Introduced by that, whether We have no idea that you are here. No one can deny the fact that we have made great achievement in our work. The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result. • Introduced by when, how, where, why I should like to know the reason why you did not come at all. I have no idea how I can get in touch with them. • Notes: Appositive clauses usually follow such noun as idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt, question, etc. • .

8. Appositive clause VS attributive clause • Compare: The news that had quickly spread through the town proved to be true. The news that our team had won the championship proved to be true Relative pron., part of the subordinate clause, serving as subject or object 修饰性的，修饰主句中作为先行词之用的名词短语的中心词； 定语从句是形容词性的 Conj., not playing any grammatical function in the subordinate clause 解说主句里先行词所讲的具体内容；同位语从句是名词性的

9. Compare • The theory that many people believed proved to wrong. • Many people believe the theory that the earth is round . • That ice melts in warm water is obvious. • The fact that ice melts in warm water is obvious. • Belief, fact, hope, idea doubt, news, rumor, conclusion, evidence, suggestion, problem, order, answer, decision, discovery, explanation, information, knowledge, opinion, principle, truth, promise, report, thought, statement, rule

10. Language Points 1. Mary is critically ill. adv. At a crisis, crucially, decisively玛丽病得很重。 • speak critically of sb 非议某人 • be critically ill 病得很严重，病入膏肓 • critical adj. • be critical of sth/sb looking for faults, pointing out faults 批判，批评 • be critical about sth be particular about / over sth • go critical 达到临界状态 /critical temperature 临界温度 • Critical period hypothesis

11. 2. competenthaving a necessary ability, skill, knowledge etc. • be competent as/ in/ at sth 胜任 • be competent to do sth 辨析：able, capable, competent, qualified 共同意思是“有能力的” • able 指高于一般人以上的能力，常指精通的能力。如： • He is an able programmer. 他是位得力的编程人员。 • Capable 强调具备做某事的能力，如适应能力，应变能力等，一般不指具体的能 • 力（除非在上下文中另有指出）。如： • They are all capable doctors.他们都是能干的医生。 • The young woman was very capable of defusing difficult situations.这位姑娘颇有排解纠纷的能力。 • Competent 指具有足以满足某种特定要求的能力。如： • A competent typist is not necessary a competent secretary. 称职的打字员不一定是称职的秘书。 • qualified 指经过专门训练并通过资格考试而具备达到规定标准所需的能力。如： • His skills qualify him for the job. 他的技能使他能胜任那份工作。 able/capable • able仅指主动做某事的能力，capable有时可指被动的承受能力或适应能力。 • 用作表语时，able后一般接动词不定式；capable后则一般接“of + n/v-ing”

12. A pair of scissors / shears • Trousers • Pants • Pliers • Glasses • Spectacles • Stockings • Socks • Pincers • pajamas

13. 3. ...complete a total of 168 credithours of English courses… credit n. • entry on a record showing that a student has completed the course. 学分 • praise, approval, recognition • be to sb’s credit / do sb credit/ do credit to sb: make sb worthy of praise. e.g. It is greatly to your credit that you gave back the money you found. Jack, to his credit, refused to get involved. • Permission to delay payments for goods or services. 赊购 e.g. No credit is given at this shop. I bought it on credit. • credit account/ purchase for credit / credit card credit v. • credit sb with sth / credit sth to sb : believe that sb has sth, attribute sth to sb • Creditable credible credibility creditor

14. Dialogue I Friday Evening or Not

15. Questions • What do you usually do on Friday evenings? • What do students usually do on Friday evenings? • What are stand-ins in a play? • What will happen if a performance is a flop? • What is the best way to avoid a flop? • How will the students celebrate Hong Kong’s return? • What do you know about the play? • What’s the theme of the play? • What is the gist of the novel Good Morning, Hong Kong!?

16. Retell the dialogue Sample outline • A invites B to play a role in an English play. A explains what the play is about and proposes to have a rehearsal every Friday evening. • B objects to the proposal, citing many reasons • A tells B what has been done to ensure successful rehearsals. • B accepts the proposal willingly

17. Words and Expressions 1. adapt • v. to change so as to be or make suitable for new needs, different conditions, etc. ( to, for) • He adapted an old car engine to drive his bout. • We adapt ourselves to the hot weather. • ~ sth. from sth, ~ sth. for sb./sth., • adaptable adj. able to change or be changed so as to be suitable e for new needs, different conditions ( often appreciative 褒义） • The little girl is adaptable and has been used to the new school. • adaptation [U] the act of adapting 改编，适应 [C] something that has been adapted改编的作品 • adopt 收养 / 采取，采用 To take a child into one’s family as a relation for ever, and to take on the full responsibility in law of the parent

18. 辨析 Adapt/ fit • adapt和fit都可表示“（使）适应”“（使）适合”， • 区别在于：①fit除用作动词外还可用作名词,而adapt只能用作动词。 • ②adapt强调适应新的情况、要求、目的、境遇等，而fit指某物形状、大小、尺寸适合于某人或某物。 • ③fit指本来就适合，而adapt指经改变之后才适应。如：This introverted young woman realized that she had to adapt herself to the new environment.这位性格内向的青年女子意识到应调整自己，以适应新的环境。 • ④adapt“适应，适合”的对象由介词for或to引出；fit“适应，适合”的对象由for引出。如：The farmer can adapt the barn for use as a garage。农民将谷仓改成车库。Grass is a fit food for cows, it is not fit for men. 草适于喟牛，但人食不宜。

19. adapt to/ adjust to 两个词都可以跟“oneself to sth”, 为适应新的环境而作相应的改变和调整，但是adapt强调作出修改或改变以适应新环境，或为了达到新的要求而做出重大的改变, 所表达的变化程度会更大一些。 • E.g. Novels are often ~ed for the stage, television and radio. • I don’t think I shall ever ~ myself to the hot climate here. • You must ~ yourself to new manner and customs when you go to a foreign country. • Adjust 强调经过局部或轻微的调整，使之符合具体的要求，一般与具体的器械，工具连用。 E.g. These desks and seats can be ～ed to the height of any child. 这些桌椅可以根据任何孩子的高度来调节。 We have to ~ our expenditure according to our income. You can’t see through the telescope until it is ~ed to your eyes. Astronauts in flight must ~ to weightlessness. He had become better ~ed to the rolling of the ship.

20. 2. resume v. 1)To begin doing (sth.) again or continue (sth.) after a pause ~ one’s normal life, ~ working at 2 o’clock, ~ one’s place in society, ~ one’s seats (重新坐下，回到原位)， ～ control over the area, ~ one’s spirit (重新振作起来)， ~ a former name 2)Take back : ~ lost territory 3. sovereignty n. quality of being a country with this power • resume sovereignty over ( a certain place） 4. colony n. 1) country or area settled or conquered by people from another country and controlled by that country 2) swarm, cluster

21. 表示群体的词汇 表示人：a band of brigands/ a congregation of prayers / a pack of rascals/ a mob of disorderly people/ a choir of singers / a troop of soldiers / a bunch of fools/ a party of guests/ a coffle of slaves/ a crew of sailors/ a gang of thieves/ a troupe of dancers / a batch of students / an army of beggars/ a panel of jurymen / a board of directors / a host of friends 表示动物：a pack of hounds/ a cluster of ants/ a gaggle of geese/ a brood of chickens / a litter of puppies / a school of whales / a herd of elephants / a shoal of fish / a swarm of locusts / a flock of birds / a caravan of camels/ a field of cattle

22. 5. administrative adj. of or involving the management of public or business affairs administration n. 1) the control or direction of affairs, as of a country or business. Business ~, military ~, civil ~, incompetent ~, public health ~ 2) esp. AmE the national government ( 政府，内阁） the last Administration, the Bush Administration

23. 6. Bound adj. 1 intending to go (to), going (to): board the train ~ for home, college-~ Where are you ~ for? 2. certain, sure: It’s ~ to rain soon. You are ~ to succeed. He is very bright and is the top student in the class; he is certainly ~ for university 3. Determined, having a firm intension: He is ~ to go, and nothing can stop him. • Be ~ to do sth. 注定，一定会…这项新发现对于人类必定大有用处。 The new discovery is ~ to be of great service to mankind. • Be ~ to sth. 被…束缚住；深切地爱着她深爱着自己的家人。 She is ~ to her family. • Be ~ up in sth. 忙于，专心致志于…他毕生专心于核物理的研究工作。 His life was ~ up in the study of nuclear physics. • Be ~ up with 与…有密切关系个人的福利是和集体的福利分不开的。 The welfare of the individual is ~ up with the welfare of the community.

24. 6. count in to include ( infml.) 包括，算在内 • count out to leave out by choice 不包括在内 • count for nothing/little to be of little worth or importance • 无足轻重，无关重要 • count the cost to consider all risks before making a decision or doing sth. 考虑周全，考虑周详 • or else (used as a threat) or something terrible will happen • or so about, at least , or more • e.g. a minute/3 minutes ～ 大概一分钟或三分钟 • or two (after single nouns) about, at least, or more • e.g. a minute or two 一两分钟 • flop v. 1) to move or fall heavily or awkwardly 乱拍，乱动，猛落 • 2）( of a performance, a plan) to fail badly, be unsuccessful

25. Our play has as its theme how … • Postponement grammatical device • Two principles governing the order of words in a sentence： • End focus 句尾焦点 • end weight 句尾重心 • 交际中的新信息或信息中的最关键部分或者通常较长或结构较复杂的信息放在句尾，因此，造句时可以吧关键词后置表示强调 • We heard from his won lips the story of how he had been caught in a trap for days without food. • We must take it into account that he is the oldest athlete in the Olympic Games who has won a gold medal.

26. Come out • 结果…, 结局 • How did the story ~? • The game ~(ed) as I had hoped. • 考试结果， 考第…名 • He ~(ed) first in the proficiency test. • John ~(ed) top of his for in the exam. • They were very disappointed when their son ~(ed) bottom in the exam.

27. As for 至于，关于 • In regard to, with regard to, regarding(+ n.), as regards • Concerning, as concerning, as concerns • respecting, with respect to, in respect of , • With / in reference to

28. Stand in for • Will you please ~ me for about 20 minutes? • I’m ~ing for your teacher while she is away on maternity leave.

29. Dialogue II Invitations

30. Summary of inviting sb / receiving invitations/ declining invitations based on group discussion • Do you feel like doing sth…..? • Would you like to do ……… ? • I was wondering if you felt like doing sth? • Do you want to………? / How about……… ? • I’d like to very much./ That sounds marvelous. • It’s nice of you to ask, but I don’t think I can…. • I’d really like to , I’m afraid….. • Unfortunately, I can’t

31. Sort out • arrange things neatly or into groups 分类，整理， 选出 • ～ your cards; ~ a drawer • She spent a happy afternoon, ~(ing）her coins and stamps. • This room is very untidy; it needs a good ~(ing). • The child was ~(ing) the bricks into different colors. • 解决争论，整顿（某人或某物） • You will have to ～ your differences yourselves. • He took just one month to ~ his new office ad the secretarial staff.

32. Reading IStunts in the Cinema

33. What is “Stunt” • act of bodily skill, often dangerous

35. Who is he? What does he do? Stuntman/stuntwoman ? A person who does dangerous acts in a film so that the actor does not have to take risks

36. Read the text and answer the questions • Who are stuntmen and what do they do? • How are action scenes made in films? • What has to be done to make stunts look real on the screen? • What is a “ blood” pellet? • How can an actor crash through a door or window without getting hurt? • What measures have to be taken to protect the life of a stuntman? • What type of stunts have been forbidden in today’s film production? • What is expected of an all-rounder?

37. Analyzing the structure of passage Read the first sentence of each paragraph Part 1 ( paragraph 1)introducing topic: stunt and stuntman Part 2 ( P. 2– 10） specifying different stunts Para.2-- Stunts in fight Para.3 & 4 -- Stunts in bullet shots (Bullet holes, “blood” pellets, jelly pellets, toffee glass) Para.5-- Explosion stunts Para.6-- Fire stunts Para.7-- Getting horses to fall over Para.8-- High falls and high dives Para.9– stunts in airplanes Para.10-- Stunts in motor cars, motor cycles etc. Part 3 the last paragraph reaches a conclusion

38. Words and Expressions

39. as if / as though （好像…..似的，仿佛….似的） • 引导的方式状语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气，表示与现在事实相反的愿望时，谓语动词用过去时；表示对未来的愿望时，用would+动词原形 e.g. He treats me as if I were a child. He acted as though nothing had happened. The actor must act as if they had been shot. • 在动词look, seem, sound, taste, smell后面的as if从句中， 常用直陈语气，多半因为讲话人认为句子中的情况事先的可能性较大或者就是事实。 e.g. This sound just as if someone is being punched. The red coloring makes him look as if he is wounded. The glass looks as if it is broken. In the film it will look as if he has been thrown backwards by the explosion. • as if ( as though)后面可接不定式，实际上是省略了从句的一部分。 e.g. He opened his lips as if to speak ( = as if he were going to speak)

40. 因为as if 从句中所用的时态不同，有时意思也就不同. e.g. He walks as if he is drunk. 从他走路的姿态来看，他仿佛喝醉 了。 He walks as if he were drunk. ( but he is not) 事实上并没有喝醉。 He looks as if he were ill. 他的气色看起来好像是在生病。 He looked as if he were ill. 他过去的气色看起来好像生病似的。 2. tumble down a staircase Tumble v. • To fall suddenly or helplessly; roll over or down quickly 摔倒，跌落 e.g. The old lady tumbled down the stairs. • To move or go into confusion or disorder 乱成一团 e.g. he children tumbled off the bus at the park. 一窝蜂跳下来

41. 3. set off the explosives set off 1）to cause to explode 引爆，燃放（爆竹） 2）set out, set forth to begin a journey 出发，启程 • set about 开始做，料理，着手 to begin to do or deal with, start • set aside 保留（作特殊用途)/ 忽视，不必管 / 驳回，撤销，废止 • set back to delay the advance 阻碍，妨碍 • set down 放下/记下， • set in （指疾病、不好的天气等等）开始并可能延续 4. suppose • to believe (often passive); to take as likely, consider as true认为,以为; 猜想， 以为 • He was commonly supposed to be foolish. 公认的傻瓜 • I suppose that’s true. • (passive) to expect, allow because of duty, responsibility, law） • Be supposed to do sth = be expected to do sth • Everybody is supposed to wear safety belt in a car. • You are not supposed to park in here.

42. 5. ban • v. To forbid, esp. by law • n. an order banning sth 禁令 (on) • to declare a ban on smoking in theatres Phrases: • ban sb from doing sth/ announce a ban on sth /cancel a ban / enforce the ban/ lay(place) ban on smoking / renew a ban/ put a ban on wine 6. stretch v. extend and tighten the muscles of body • stretch one’s legs go for a walk as exercise • stretch a point to beyond what is usually allowed, make concession 做出 让步 • stretch oneself out relax by lying at full length. • stretch sth out make sth last or be enough to cover one’s needs He couldn’t stretch his money to the end of the month.

43. Reading II Soap Opera

44. Warm-up Discussion • What is soap opera? • Please name some soap operas! • Which soap opera is your favorite? Why?

45. Soap operas ( soaps) The term refers to serialized domestic dramas. Soap operas were so named during the 1930s, because when they were first broadcast on radio, their principal sponsors were soap companies. Soap operas are usually performed on a daytime commercial program, and chiefly characterized by common domestic situations and melodramatic or sentimental treatment. During the 1960s, soap operas virtually disappeared from radio, but remained a common feature of TV programming.

46. Read the text and answer the questions • Why do many people all over the world watch soap operas on television? • What differences are there between cheap soap operas and soap operas with big stars and produced at high costs? • How many main types of characters are there in soap operas? What are they? Describe each of them.

47. Words and Expressions 1. intend for / as / to do sth ( usu. pass.): mean to be意指，原意 E.g. This book is intended for you, but she took it away. It was intended as a joke. 那原本只是个笑话。 It was intended to be cooked slowly. 那原本只是要慢火煮的。 • intend to plan, to mean to do sth 计划，意欲 • intend to do sth e.g. I’ve made a mistake, though I didn’t intend to. I intend them to go. 我的意思是要他们去。 2. peak time, prime-time 3. imagine sb doing sth e.g. I can hardly imagine Kate doing so difficult a job in three days.

48. 4. To a formula • “to” here means “ in accordance with” (与…..一致） e.g. Your dress isn’t really to my liking. 你穿的衣服不合我的胃口。 You will hear of something to your advantage. 你会听到对你有利的话。 • “formula”规则，常规 5. center on have sb/sth as center, or theme e.g. Her research centered on the social effects of unemployment. 6. Soap opera is for TV what the popular novel is for books. • The people is to the people’s army what water is to fish. • The book is to him what water is to fish.

49. Words and Expressions (the whole unit) • Be competent for, a proficiency test, figure skating • Resume sovereignty over, SAR, enjoy a high degree of autonomy, a full-length play, dress rehearsal, count…in, personal engagement, a stand-in teacher, come out, in succession, • Have no shortage of, sort out, • fall off a horse, tumble down a staircase, at full speed • Peak time, prime time, start a fashion, hit / capture the headlines, write to a formula, cater to, what with…what with…

50. Key to Translation • Can you produce any evidence that he was not at home that night? • Whatever was said here just now must be kept secret. • If the trip costs no more than 100 yuan, you can count me in. • Every night before going to bed, Mr. smith goes round the house to make sure that al the doors and windows are locked and that all the lights are off. • He did tell you the truth, but you simply did not believe him. • My delay in answering this letter worried him so much that he made a non-stop flight to come to see me. • When I told him that his father had been sent to hospital because of a heart attack, he looked as if he didn’t care. • The bus suddenly sopped;a heavy bag fell from the rack above him and landed on his head.