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Geographic Information Systems

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32 diapositives · 485 Views · Jul 12, 2014

This lecture explores the fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), covering its evolution from local files to extensive databases. It addresses the importance of spatial analysis in transforming data into actionable insights and emphasizes the collaboration between technology and the user. Key concepts include map layers, inventory, analysis, and modeling. Additionally, it highlights the transition to web-based GIS tools and the significance of streaming data in modern applications. By understanding these aspects, students will appreciate GIS’s role in various fields, including urban planning and environmental management.

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Geographic Information Systems
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  1. Geographic Information Systems ASM 215 Feb 2013 Larry Theller

  2. Schedule • Wednesday • GIS lecture • Disc of homework • Lab – Thursday GPS • Feb 28 Lab – ABE 105 or 116 computer labs

  3. GIS Lecture today • History • Software details • Current GIS uses • Hot GIS trends • Feb 28 lab

  4. Geographic Information Systems • GIS means “Geographical Information System” • its called SYSTEM because there is information behind the map. • You may “ask questions” of the data or of the map

  5. GIS Evolution • Map viewing >> Map Analysis • Past: map layers = little files • Now: map layers = huge databases • We use Terabytes of images • Streaming GIS data = music on the web • Web-based tools do not install on your computer

  6. Example: Map of cholera outbreak, 1854 • (Based on John Snow’s map) • Other analysis examples?

  7. GIS is not CAD • Difference between CAD and GIS software: • you ask questions in GIS • Three levels of GIS applications: • Inventory (What is there?) • Analysis (Answering questions) • Modeling (Making predictions) CAD stands for Computer-Aided Design

  8. A GIS is a software system that connects map layers with tables of information. Tabular Data Image: ESRI course Learning ArcGIS Desktop 2007

  9. Spatial Analysis is considered the crux of GIS. Why? • Spatial analysis is the means of adding value to geographic data. • It turns data into information • Spatial analysis can reveal things that might otherwise be invisible. It can make what is implicit explicit.

  10. More about spatial analysis… • Some methods are highly mathematical. • All effective spatial analysis requires an intelligent user, not just a powerful computer. • “Spatial analysis is best seen as a collaboration between the computer and the human, in which both play vital roles.” (Geographic Information Systems and Science, Wiley, 2001)

  11. The GIS analytical process • Define the problem • Define the criteria • Identify the data you need • Plan the analysis • Prepare the data for analysis • Execute the analysis • Examine and present the results

  12. A GIS originally was software installed on a computer and using local files as layers with attached tables of information.

  13. GIS and the internet • GIS Users quickly adopted the internet for download of large files • With satellite-sensors and digital camera the files soon became gigantic • Not efficient to copy to every PC in Indiana

  14. This map is drawing data from two streaming data sources on the web and from files on the hard drive. These high-resolution aerial photos use 8 terabytes of storage at IU, which is why you do not want to download files anymore Named streets and property parcel lines from the Tippecanoe County GIS server

  15. Streaming High-resolution images

  16. Don’t Download that image • If you don’t need to change it, maybe you don’t need to download it • If you need to change it, edit it or clip out parts, you need to have your own copy. • Aerial Photos – Indiana 2005 photos are: • 8500 gigabyes • Or 2000 DVD’s • Sure you want to download that?

  17. Location Business Services: The geo fence • You know when a vehicle passes into or out of a zone. • Monitor deliveries, service staff, employees, felons, ambulances, pizza delivery guy.. • http://gis2.esri.com/showcase/showcase.cfm • http://tuxedo.esri.com/geofence/

  18. Web Location Business Services • Target marketing geographically • Cell phone yellow pages • Google and Mapquest, • Spots on the map, Gas, food, etc. • eBay • Nearby items

  19. Mobile GoogleEarth Google Earth for iPhone Google Earth for Android

  20. GIS software on your desktop • ESRI ArcGIS (ArcMap, ArcCatalog) • Other Commercial : ThinkMap, Autodesk Map 3D or Civil 3D, MapInfo • Commercial but free Viewers: • Google Earth • ArcGIS Explorer • Open Source GIS: • uDIG (user-friendly Desktop Internet GIS) • Quantun GIS (most full-featureed and free)

  21. uDIG – free and web-oriented Labels Scale Bar Streaming data; databases, tables, shapefiles Legend uDIG Open Source GIS

  22. Quantum GIS (free)

  23. Overlay • Combine spatial and attribute data from two or more spatial data layers • Union and Intersect most common

  24. Buffers • Buffer = region that is less than or equal to a specified distance from a feature or features • Can buffer point, line or area feature • Raster or vector data

  25. Clip, Intersect, and Union

  26. http://www.indianamap.org/

  27. Map Gallery

  28. Online Map

  29. Build my map by adding layers

  30. The Lab Exercise - ArcMap

  31. THE END