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Gender Stratification

Gender Stratification. Gender and Inequality. Gender refers to personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and male Gender stratification unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women Male-female biological differences.

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Gender Stratification

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  1. Gender Stratification Sociology, Tenth Edition

  2. Gender and Inequality • Gender refers to personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female and male • Gender stratification unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women • Male-female biological differences Sociology, Tenth Edition

  3. Gender in a Global Perspective • Israeli kibbutzim • Margaret Mead’s research • George Murdock’s research • Gender and culture • What it means to be male or female is mostly a creation of society Sociology, Tenth Edition

  4. Patriarchy and Sexism A form of social organization in which males dominate females • Matriarchy • Social dominance by women • A form of social organization in which females dominate males • Sexism • Belief that one sex or the other is innately inferior or superior • Institutional sexism • The costs of sexism • Inevitability of patriarchy Sociology, Tenth Edition

  5. Global Map 13-1 Women’s Power in Global Perspective Sociology, Tenth Edition

  6. Gender and the Family • Is it a boy or girl? • Color-coding gender • Traditional notions of gender identity • Handling of children • Female: passivity and emotion • Male: independence and action Sociology, Tenth Edition

  7. Gender and Peer Groups • Playing games Janet Lever (1978) • Boys favor team sports with • Complex rules and clear objectives • Girls team sports are different • Games teach interpersonal skills and the value of sharing and cooperation • Carol Gilligan’s gender based theory of moral reasoning (1982) • Schooling – educational choices Sociology, Tenth Edition

  8. Role of Media • White males have center stage • Minorities of all kinds locked out • Women receive roles based on sex appeal • Advertising some changes • The “beauty myth” Sociology, Tenth Edition

  9. Social Stratification • Almost 60% of all women work • Administrative support and service sector jobs make up the type of work done by 50% of all working women • Women hold primary responsibility for household duties • On average, women earn 73 cents for every dollar earned by men (2000) • Largely due to kind of work done and family responsibilities • Corporate women and the glass ceiling • Recently, 12% of richest Americans identified by Forbes were women Sociology, Tenth Edition

  10. Figure 13-2 Men and Women in the U.S. Labor Force Sociology, Tenth Edition

  11. Education, Politics & Military • Gender and education • 56% of all associate and bachelor degrees are earned by women; Since 1993, women also earned a majority of postgraduate degrees • Nineteenth amendment (1920) • Women active in local – state politics • 15% of all armed forces personnel were women (2001) • Culture influences our views of women in the military Sociology, Tenth Edition

  12. Minority Status of Women • At all levels in the class system, women have: • Less income • Less wealth • Less education, and • Less power than men • Minority women • Multilayered system of disadvantage for some and privilege for others Sociology, Tenth Edition

  13. Violence Against Women • “Rule of thumb” 150 years ago • Sexual assaults, rapes, attempted rapes, and physical assaults • Campus and university gender violence • Wolf whistles and pinch to physical assaults “rape culture” • Female genital mutilation Sociology, Tenth Edition

  14. Sexual Harassment and Pornography • Comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated and unwelcome • 1990’s rules for workplace interaction • Causes of sexual harassment • Culture encourages men to be sexually assertive and perceive women in sexual terms • Most people in positions of power are men • Under the effect standard a hostile environment involves different perceptions of the same behavior • Pornography Sociology, Tenth Edition

  15. Theoretical analysis of gender • Structural-functional analysis • Gender functions to organize social life Talcott Parsons: complementarily roles for family units in order to carry out various tasks • Social-conflict analysis • Friedrich Engle's: capitalism intensifies male domination Sociology, Tenth Edition

  16. Feminism • Importance of change • Expansion of human choice • Eliminate gender stratification • Ending sexual violence • Promote sexual freedom Sociology, Tenth Edition

  17. Types of Feminism • Liberal feminism • Free to develop own talents and interests - individualistic • Socialist feminism • Pursue collective (male and female) personal liberation • Radical feminism • Eliminate idea of gender • Egalitarian, gender-free revolution • Opposition to feminism • Threat to male status and self-respect • Growing body of evidence that men and women think and act in different ways • How should women improve social standing? Individual abilities or collective rights Sociology, Tenth Edition

  18. Figure 13-4 Use of Contraception by Married Women of Childbearing Age Sociology, Tenth Edition

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