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Design of UAV Systems. c 2002 LM Corporation. UAV Conceptual Design Issues. Objectives. Lesson objective - to discuss UAV Conceptual Design including… What does it cover? What are the issues? Why are they important? Expectations -

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  1. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Objectives • Lesson objective - to discuss • UAV Conceptual Design • including… • What does it cover? • What are the issues? • Why are they important? • Expectations - • You will understand why early design phases are so important and what kinds of issues are addressed • By the end of the course, you will have enough understanding to be able to do your own conceptual UAV design studies 3-1

  2. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Overview • Pre-concept design • The very early work that establishes the general concept, what it should do and how it will be used • Previously done by customer organizations (e.g. the government) now done by customers and companies • The product is usually a set of initial requirements and estimates of cost and schedule • Key technical issues addressed during this phase include: • Overall needs and objectives • Concepts of operations • Potential design solutions • Initial cost and schedule • Effectiveness estimates • Analysis of alternatives “Products” of the pre-concept design phase 3-2

  3. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Overview • Conceptual design • The next phase that starts with initial requirements and objectives and develops a preferred system concept and a plan to develop it • The product is usually a proposal for preliminary design with enough technical, cost and risk information to convince your customer to select your concept • Key technical issues addressed during this phase include: • Substantiated needs and objectives • Refined concepts of operations • Preferred design solution • Refined cost and schedule • Refined effectiveness estimates • Refined analysis of alternatives “Products” of the conceptual design phase 3-3

  4. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Needs and objectives • How do customers know what they need? • Does somebody tell them? • If so, who? • Their boss? • The government? • The department of defense? • USAF? • Public documents? • Research institutes? • Contractors? • Think tanks? • Groups? • Individuals? • Others? 3-4

  5. Design of UAV Systems This is how the most successful design teams operate c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues The answer is not UAV unique • How you find out what kind of UAVs your customers are interested in • Read their documents • Talk to them about their needs • Help them discover needs they might not even know about • Enabled by new technology • Enabled by new concepts • Enabled by new integration • If you wait for a customer to tell you his needs in a specification or request for proposal it may be too late • Somebody else may have already sold them on their solution! 3-5

  6. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues ConOps • Concept of operations (ConOps) definition(s) • How something is used or operated • Typically associated with military systems but also applicable to commercial systems. • The name of a document used to describe how a system should be operated, e.g. …describes the approach to deployment, employment, and operation of anew or upgraded system or capability being advocated to meet identified tasks or missions. CONOPS are not limited to single systems but can rely on other systems and organizations, as required. http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/afspc/i10_606.htm We will use the first definition – determining how something is used or operated vs. a ConOps document 3-6

  7. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Example - ConOps document CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS FOR ENDURANCE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES 3 Dec 1996 - Version 2 This Concept of Operations (CONOPS) describes the operational employment of various classes of Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This CONOPS will provide an overview of the principal endurance UAV components and organizations, the intended operational environment, and the primary command and control relationships and responsibilities. It also provides a framework for the development of theater-specific concepts of employment and operations planning documents. www.fas.org/irp/doddir/usaf/conops_uav/index.html 3-7

  8. Design of UAV Systems • Generally here are two ways to describe a product: • 1. Physical description - what something looks like, a drawing or words that describe physical features such as lengths, weights, shapes, etc. • 2. Functional description - how something operates, a block diagram, pictures or words that tell the reader how a product works and how it fits in with other products • A UAV ConOps is a functional description of the overall UAV system c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Another way to think about it 3-8

  9. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Design solutions • During the pre-concept design, there is no need to develop a preferred design solution. • This is what we do during conceptual design • During pre-concept design, it is only necessary to develop a reasonable design solution. • It must be good enough to support technology readiness, cost, risk and schedule estimates • Customers should avoid the temptation to specify • the design solution during pre-concept design • Customers usually get what they ask for • It may not be the best answer 3-9

  10. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Cost and schedule The technical work done during pre-concept and conceptual design establishes the initial cost and schedule estimate that the project will have to live with for the rest of its life 3-10

  11. Design of UAV Systems • Effectiveness • A quantified measure of how well something works • Typically associated with the field of Operations Analysis • Example - This analysis was conducted to determine which of the systems concepts showed the greatest potential for enhancing space operations, and which of their embedded technologies have the highest leverage. The analytical expertise was provided by the Department of Operational Sciences at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT); technology assessments were done by the 2020 Technology Team and practical operational judgments were provided by Air War College and Air Command and Staff College faculty and students. A Value Model was developed based on Joint Space Doctrine to quantify and compare different systems' contributions to various space capabilities. The overall goal of operational analysis was to ranksystems and their technologies in a way that was traceable. Thus, the model functioned as an aid to decision makers. www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/usaf/2020/ops-anal.htm c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Effectiveness 3-11

  12. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues A way think about effectiveness • Most engineers never even hear about “effectiveness” or “Operations Analysis” until their first day on the job. • Then they find out how important it is and how it is used to make key technical and program decisions. • Some engineers respond by finding out more about it and become successful systems engineers. • Others conclude it is “black magic” or “funny numbers” and/or accept the results without challenge and never develop a system level perspective. • Operational effectiveness assessments are key technical products produced during every design phase. • Every good system level design engineer should understand and know how to apply them. 3-12

  13. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Analysis of alternatives • An objective assessment of other ways to do something besides the one you are proposing • An analysis of the estimated costs and operational effectiveness of alternative systems to meet a mission need and the associated program for acquiring each alternative. • Formerly known as cost and operational effectiveness analysis. A study conducted to provide support for acquisition decisions in the acquisition cycle. http://www.fas.org/news/reference/lexicon/dea.htm 3-13

  14. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues UAV Alternatives • Do UAVs always provide the best solution to meet customer needs for……? • Intelligence collection • Surveillance • Reconnaissance • Communication relay • Strike • Combat support • Are they better than other ways of doing the job? • Satellites • Manned aircraft • Expendable systems Careful analysis is required to answer the question 3-14

  15. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Next subject • Lesson objective - to discuss • UAV Conceptual Design • including… • How is it different? • What are the issues? • Why are they important? • Expectations - • You will understand why early design phases are so important and what kinds of issues are addressed • By the end of the course, you will have enough understanding to be able to do your own conceptual UAV design studies 3-15

  16. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Issues vary by element and… • Mission Control • By Level of Control • By Level of Autonomy • By Control Function • By Span of Control • By Control Location • Overall System • By User • By Application • By Autonomy Level • By System Architecture • Air Vehicle • By Category • By Takeoff & Landing Mode • By Propulsion Type • By Size • Payload • Sensor • Support • Weapon • Support & Logistics • By Location • By Provider • By Function UAVs have a lot more concept design issues 3-16

  17. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues User categories Military Civil Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company 3-17

  18. Design of UAV Systems Attack Reconnaissance Predator (Tier II) c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Military Applications http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm Combat Support http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm • Signals intelligence collection • Communications relay • Etc. Flight Research 3-18

  19. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Military (cont’d) And target drones… http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm 3-19

  20. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Civil Applications Mapping http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm Communications Atmospheric Research Flight Research 3-20

  21. Design of UAV Systems Independent System Dependent System Requires no other systems to operate anywhere in the world http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF Requires Ku Band or UHF SATCOM to operate beyond the horizon http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues System autonomy 3-21

  22. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues System architecture Integrated Dedicated http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/equip/tbmcs.htm Plus many other types and considerations http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/trojan.htm 3-22

  23. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to Conceptual Design System concept issues • Concept of operations • System autonomy • Span of control • Tactics • Performance requirements • Communication architecture • Type • Coverage • Cost • Development • Procurement • Operations and support • Effectiveness • Pre-concept design focus • - Requirements • - Representative concepts • - Projected cost and effectiveness • Conceptual design focus • - Requirements strategy • - Preferred concept • - Estimated cost and effectiveness 3-23

  24. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to Conceptual Design System autonomy During early design phases winning teams work with customers to understand customer system autonomy requirements and rationale 3-24

  25. Design of UAV Systems Single site control http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to Conceptual Design Span of Control Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Multi-site control During the early design phases winning teams work with customers to understand customer span of control requirements and rationale 3-25

  26. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to Conceptual Design Tactics Example - Global Hawk tactics for survivability http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF During the early design phases winning teams work with customers to understand and develop tactics that take advantage of the inherent characteristics of their preferred design approach 3-26

  27. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to Conceptual Design Performance requirements http://www.tdyryan.com/04_Programs/Global_Hawk/GH_System_Desc.PDF During the early phases winning teams work with customers to refine performance requirements to optimize cost, effectiveness and risk 3-27

  28. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to Conceptual Design Communications issues • Type of communications • Military • Dedicated • Shared • Relayed • Commercial • Terrestrial • SATCOM • Frequency • HF • UHF • VHF • Ku band • Ka band • Format • Analog • Digital • Bandwidth • Narrow • Wide • Continuous • On demand • Area coverage • Local • Line of sight • Over the horizon • Survivability • Probability of intercept • Redundancy Not covered Covered in detail in Lesson 9 3-28

  29. Design of UAV Systems http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Example Over the horizon Line of sight 3-29

  30. Design of UAV Systems • Development cost • The cost of developing a system • Considered a “non-recurring” cost • Occurs only once (hopefully) • + Procurement cost • The cost to buy a system once it is developed • Includes a lot of “recurring” cost • Costs incurred every time a system is produced • + Operations and support cost • The cost to maintain and operate a system after purchase • Includes the cost of maintaining crew proficiency • Excludes the cost of combat operations c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to Conceptual Design Life cycle cost 3-30

  31. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to Conceptual Design Cost issues • Development cost • Customers want this to be as small as possible • New systems are expensive • Most of the cost is associated with risk reduction, engineering and test • Programs need “margin” to cover uncertainty • Procurement cost • This cost is sensitive to procurement quantity • Repetitive tasks become more efficient • Also sensitive to the size and complexity • Aircraft empty weight, speed and capability are the major cost drivers • Operations and support cost • Most of the life cycle cost of an aircraft is the “O&S” • O&S cost can be reduced by good up-front design 3-31

  32. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues UAV Types Issues vary by type • Mission Control Types • By Level of Control • By Level of Autonomy • By Control Function • By Span of Control • By Control Location • Overall System Types • By User/Application • By Mission Capability • By Autonomy Level • By Communication Architecture • Payload Types • Sensor • Support • Weapon • Support & Logistics Types • By Location • By Provider • By Function • Air Vehicle Types • By Category • By Takeoff and Land Mode • By Propulsion Type • By Size • By Other Characteristics 3-32

  33. Design of UAV Systems ttp://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/compass_arrow.htm Fixed wing http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm Free wing Rotary wing Tail Sitters Tilt wing/rotor http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Air Vehicle Categories http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/vtuav.htm 3-33

  34. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Takeoff Modes Vertical takeoff Conventional takeoff Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company Assisted takeoff http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/outrider.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm Short takeoff 3-34

  35. Design of UAV Systems UAV c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Launch modes Rail launched Tube launched but http://www.wpafb.af.mil/museum/annex/ans.htm www:http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/coa/ UAVs could be launched this way Air launched http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/F182.jpg 3-35

  36. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Landing modes Conventional landing http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm Arrested landing Vertical landing http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company 3-36

  37. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Propulsion types Electric - solar (AeroVironment Helios) Turboprop Allison 250 (Bell Eagle Eye) Piston engine Rotax 912 (GA Predator) Turbojet/fan Williams F121 (Tacit Rainbow) Ram/Scramjet (NASA HyperX) 3-37

  38. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues …plus rockets Pegasus Hunter CL-289 Scarab http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav.htm 3-38

  39. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Sizes http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/global_hawk.htm Large http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/predator.htm Medium Micro Small Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company 3-39

  40. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Survivability types Stealth http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htm Conventional 3-40

  41. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to Conceptual Design Air vehicle concept issues Configuration Manufacturing concept Subsystems concept Size • Pre-concept design focus • - Requirements • - Representative concepts • - Projected cost and effectiveness • Conceptual design focus • - Requirements strategy • - Preferred concept • - Estimated cost and effectiveness Weight Signature level More on this subject in lessons 13 through 21 3-41

  42. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Issues vary by type • Mission Control Types • By Level of Control • By Level of Autonomy • By Control Function • By Span of Control • By Control Location • Overall System Types • By User/Application • By Mission Capability • By Autonomy Level • By Communication Architecture • Payload Types • Sensor • Support • Weapon • Support & Logistics Types • By Location • By Provider • By Function • Air Vehicle Types • By Takeoff and Land Mode • By Propulsion Type • By Size 3-42

  43. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Levels of control UAV Tactical Control System (TCS) Definitions • Level 1 - • Receipt and transmission of secondary imagery or data. • Level 2 - • Receipt of imagery or data directly from the UAV. • Level 3 - • Control of the UAV payload. • Level 4 - • Control of the UAV, less takeoff and landing. • Level 5 - • Full function and control of the UAV to include takeoff and landing. • Source -http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htm 3-43

  44. Design of UAV Systems Direct control Flight path control http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/eagle-eye.htm d/dt,dh/dt and dV/dt Control stick …or Navigation Control http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/uav_gcs.htm Attack return etc. UAV Annual Report FY 1997 DarkStar Fully autonomous Supervised control c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Levels of autonomy 3-44

  45. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Control Functions http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm Launch and Recovery http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/equip/afmss.htm Mission Planning http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htm Mission and Payload Management Information Processing and Dissemination 3-45

  46. Design of UAV Systems http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htm http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/eagle-eye.htm Multi-System System Unique c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Span of control 3-46

  47. Design of UAV Systems http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htm Ground Rear Area http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/pioneer.htm Sea http://www.fas.org/irp/program/disseminate/uav_tcs.htm Forward Area http://www.army.mil/armyimages.htm Air Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Control Location 3-47

  48. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation Introduction to Conceptual Design Mission control concept issues Vehicle control concept Site requirements Manpower requirements Payload control concept Overall size • Pre-concept design focus • - Requirements • - Representative concepts • - Projected cost and effectiveness • Conceptual design focus • - Requirements strategy • - Preferred concept • - Estimated cost and effectiveness Weapon control concept Product exploitation concept More on this subject in lesson 10 3-48

  49. Design of UAV Systems c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Issues vary by type • Mission Control Types • By Level of Control • By Level of Autonomy • By Control Function • By Span of Control • By Control Location • Overall System Types • By User/Application • By Mission Capability • By Autonomy Level • By Communication Architecture • Payload Types • Sensor • Support • Weapon • Air Vehicle Types • By Takeoff and Land Mode • By Propulsion Type • By Size • Support & Logistics Types • By Location • By Provider • By Function 3-49

  50. Design of UAV Systems TUAV c 2002 LM Corporation UAV Conceptual Design Issues Sensor and Support Payloads http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/darkstar.htmadar • Primary Types : • Electro-Optical • Radar • Communications DarkStar Modular Payloads Preferred Predator http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/tesar.htm 3-50

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