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The Rise of Segregation

The Rise of Segregation. Sharecropping. After Reconstruction most African Americans are living in conditions no better than slavery Technically they were free but very few could escape the impoverished conditions

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The Rise of Segregation

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  1. The Rise of Segregation

  2. Sharecropping • After Reconstruction most African Americans are living in conditions no better than slavery • Technically they were free but very few could escape the impoverished conditions • Sharecroppers: Landless farmers who gave a share of their crop to the landlord to cover their costs for rent and farming supplies • “Cycle of Poverty”

  3. Exodus to Kansas • Mass migration of African Americans from the South to Kansas • Kansas = The land of Abolitionist John Brown and more Progressive and Tolerant • Led by Benjamin “Pap” Singleton: Former Slave, Abolitionist, and Community leader

  4. Colored Farmers’ National Alliance • African Americans who stayed in the South joined the fight with other poor white farmers • Set up cooperatives and many African Americans joined the Populist Party • Threatened by the power of the Populist, Democrats use racism to try and win back the poor white vote in the South

  5. 15th Amendment ??? • Right to vote shall not be denied by any citizen based on race, color, or previous conditions of servitude • Loophole: Doesn’t bar the government from requiring that citizens be literate or own property

  6. Poll Taxes • Citizens must pay a sum of money in order to vote • Most African Americans can’t afford this fee

  7. Literacy Tests • Most African Americans can’t read and the ones who can don’t fare any better • Complicated Passages from Constitution filled with legalese and convoluted sentences • Write down the section as the registrar spoke it • Asked to interpret questions based on the excerpt you just read

  8. What about the poor illiterate Whites? • Whites were given simple passages as election officials were far less strict in applying these tests • Grandfather Clause: Any man may vote as long as an ancestor had voted before

  9. Jim Crow Laws • “Jump Jim Crow” • A song and dance done by a white performer in black face during the 1820’s • Lampooned African Americans as being ignorant, lazy and buffoonish

  10. Jim Crow Laws = Legalized Segregation • Mandated de jure Segregation of all Public Facilities including: • Public Schools • Public Places • Public Transportation • Restaurants • Hotels • Theaters

  11. Bus Station

  12. Restaurant in Louisville, KY

  13. Schools

  14. Drinking Fountain

  15. Plessy v. Ferguson • Homer Plessy challenges a Louisiana law that forced him to ride in a separate railcar • He was arrested for riding in a white’s only car • 1896 Supreme Court upheld the Louisiana Law and endorsed a new doctrine of “Separate but Equal”

  16. Separate but Equal? • Ruling establishes the legal basis for discrimination for over 50 years • While Public Facilities for African Americans were separate, they were far from being equal • Almost always drastically inferior

  17. Lynching of African Americans • Huge Spectacles with 100’s watching • Consisted of Hanging the Victim, Mutilating, and then burning the body

  18. African Americans Respond • Ida B. Wells • Journalist who launches a campaign against lynching • Believed that lynching was a result of economics and greed

  19. Booker T. Washington • Born into slavery became a successful educator, orator, and author • Wanted African Americans to focus on Economic goals as opposed to Legal or Political ones

  20. Washington’s Atlanta Exposition Speech • Presented to a mostly white crowd at the Cotton States and International Exposition • “We shall constitute one third of the ignorance and crime of the south or one-third of its intelligence and progress” • Wanted the whites to rely on African American Labor and not immigrant • Washington actually endorsed segregation by claiming that blacks and whites could exist as separate fingers of a hand

  21. W.E.B. Du Bois • Concerned with African American voting rights • Helped found the NAACP • Disagreed with Washington’s integration of blacks into the community, wanted equal rights, self government, and unity for African people • Du Bois called Washington’s speech the “Atlanta Compromise”

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