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SLEEP AND DREAMS

This comprehensive overview explores the complex mechanisms of sleep and circadian rhythms, detailing their biological underpinnings, various sleep stages, and associated sleep disorders. It also examines the effects of disrupted sleep patterns, such as jet lag and insomnia, and discusses treatments including light therapy and melatonin. Delving into the significance of dreams, theories of dreaming, and the role of hypnosis, this resource provides valuable insights into the importance of sleep for restoration, memory consolidation, and emotional discharge.

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SLEEP AND DREAMS

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  1. Rhythms of Sleep and Waking SLEEP AND DREAMS

  2. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM • Biological/genetic clock set at 24 or 25 hrs./ located in hypothalamus • Night shift workers , swing shift workers, night driving problem • Jet lag- fatigue, disorientation, poor concentration, one day recovery period

  3. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM • Light therapy used to reset clock – shift in sleeping program • Melatonin – therapy / drug to regulate melatonin hormone secretion • Interval Timing Clock – clock in the brain / gauges minutes, seconds, hours/ helps estimate time intervals / located in basal ganglia

  4. STAGES OF SLEEP • Changes in the electrical activity of the brain • Beta Waves - awake and alert • Alpha Waves – relaxed, drowsy • Non-REM Sleep – approx 80% sleep time

  5. STAGES OF SLEEP • Stage 1 – transition from awake to sleep – drifting thoughts and images / feels like you are awake • Stage 2 – actual sleep/ high frequency brain activity / sleep spindles. • Stages 3 and 4 deepest stage of sleep/ decrease in heart, breathing, temp. , Dream – some / sleep walk/ night terrors

  6. REM SLEEP • Approx 20% sleep time (Rapid Eye Movement) fast freq., low amp., brain waves/ voluntary muscles paralyzed/ associated with dreaming

  7. REM SLEEP • REM behavior disorder – older people – voluntary muscles not paralyzed • REM rebound – when subject are prevented from entering REM stage – rebound with increased amount of time in stage

  8. BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS AND SLEEP: TYPICAL NIGHT’S SLEEP

  9. SLEEP PROBLEMS • Insomnia – approx 13 million adults / falling asleep, staying asleep, premature waking/ stress, schedule change, chronic pain, alcohol and drug abuse • Benzodiazepines – anxiety reducer, Ativan, Xanax, Valium / can cause day time drowsiness, memory loss, dependency due to increased tolerance / New drugs Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta

  10. SLEEP PROBLEMS • Sleep Apnea – snoring, overweight, drug abuse / remedies – masks , mouth devices, surgery • Narcolepsy – falling asleep at inappropriate times / cataplexy – temporary paralysis / remedies – amphetamines • Nightmares – during REM sleep/ Sleep walking and night terrors – during stages 3 / 4 non-REM • Nocturnal Psychosis – hallucinations –sleep deprivation

  11. FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP • Restoration and recovery of body systems • Energy conservation/ repair theory • Memory consolidation • Protection from predators/ adaptive theory • Brain development in infants • Discharge of emotions

  12. HOW MUCH SLEEP DO YOU NEED? • Babies – need most sleep 17-18 hrs • Teenagers – 10 hrs • Adults 7-8 hrs • Elderly – nap during the day – need the least amount of sleep.

  13. DREAM THEORIES • Extension of Waking Life • same thoughts, feelings, fears, concerns, and problems • Activation Synthesis Theory • random meaningless impulses sent from pons to the cortex for processing • cortex tries to make sense of the stimulus • as if being awake

  14. DREAM THEORIES • Entering Spiritual World – Native Americans, Eastern philosophy/ souls of dead animals, departed relatives • Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams (1900) • symbols represent threatening and unconscious desires or wishes involving sex / aggression we can act out our fantasies • Manifest content – what the dream is about • Latent content – underlying meaning

  15. TYPICAL DREAMS • several characters • motion-running • indoors • visual sensations • defy physical laws • flying • Recurrent • emotions of anger, joy fear, happiness • sexual encounters – without intercourse • usually in color

  16. HYPNOSIS • Procedure in which a researcher or hypnotist suggests that a person will experience changes in sensations, perception, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors • How is someone hypnotized? • establish a sense of comfort and trust • concentrate on a voice, object, or image • power of suggestion for relaxation

  17. WHO CAN BE HYPNOTIZED? • Some people are susceptible – some are not • up to 95% of the population can be hypnotized, to varying degrees • Biological and environmental factors influence how deeply a person goes into a trance • Fantasizers/ dissociators • Come out of trances differently

  18. STANFORD HYPNOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY SCALE • Subjects undergo hypnotic induction • Given 12 suggestions • Ex: imagine a mosquito buzzing around, holding a weight in one hand • Hypnotist watches for evidence of responsiveness to suggestions • Moving to avoid insect, arm moving to hold weight • Rated on scale of 0 (not hypnotizable) to 12 (highly hypnotizable) • Scored by degree to which subject appears to heed suggestion

  19. THEORIES OF HYPNOSIS • Altered state – not a complete trance / similar to daydreaming, meditation, yoga, drug use – different from our normal perception • Sociocognitive – effects are due to social influences and pressures / subject’s personal abilities / power of suggestion • Major uses- memory recall / programming thought patterns

  20. HYPNOTIC BEHAVIOR • Hypnotic Analgesia – reduce fear and anxiety associated with pain / medical and dental uses/ PET scan measurement • Posthypnotic Suggestion – perform a specific behavior when given a cue • Posthypnotic Amnesia – not remembering what happened during hypnosis

  21. HYPNOTIC BEHAVIOR • Age Regression – regressing to childhood / acting the way a child should act • Imagined Perception – perform or experience imagined behaviors to treat problems

  22. USES OF HYPNOSIS • Surgery – hypnosis given during surgical radiology, diminished pain/anxiety, shortened surgical time/reduces complications • Smoking – American Lung Association, 3,000 smokers, 22% reported not smoking after • ADD – research shows hypnosis to be as effective as Ritalin in treating ADD in children • Warts – in hypnotized patients, warts disappear, without medicine or surgery • Weight loss • Phobias/anxiety

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