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Ecology Two

Explore the intricate relationships within ecosystems, focusing on the concepts of habitat and niche, and their significance in the survival of species. Discover how energy flows from producers to consumers via food chains and webs, understanding the roles of autotrophs, herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers. Learn about the impact of biotic and abiotic factors, nutrient cycling, and ecological succession. By examining various biomes, from tropical rainforests to tundras, we uncover how climates shape the communities within them and the resilience of ecosystems following disruptions.

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Ecology Two

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  1. EcologyTwo

  2. Community Interactions Habitat- place where organism lives Niche- role and position a species has in its needs for food and shelter • all interactions with living and non-living parts of its environment • Only one organism can occupy a niche in an ecosystem • Example: a predator feeding on weak or sick animals in an ecosystem

  3. Habitat vs niche • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2L6N2diE8jc&feature=related

  4. Nutrition and Energy Flow • The ultimate source of energy is… theSUN!

  5. Nutrition and Energy Flow • Food Chains- shows how matter and energy flow from autotroph to heterotroph to decomposer Autotroph/Producers use sun’s energy to create chemical compounds (photosynthesis) Ex. – plants and algae Carnivores/ 2nd and 3rd Order Consumers- feed on other animals Herbivores/1st Order Consumers- feeds on plants Heterotrophs/Consumers- organisms that feed on other organisms

  6. Nutrition and Energy Flow • Decomposers- break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms • Ex.- fungi and bacteria

  7. Food chain • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyszfWU1C2E&feature=related

  8. Nutrition and Energy Flow • Food Webs- all possible feeding relationships in a community

  9. Food Web • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyefVtxY-oI&NR=1

  10. Nutrition and Energy Flow • Trophic Levels- a feeding step in a food chain • only pass on approximately 10% of energy to next trophic level

  11. Nutrition and Energy Flow

  12. Trophic level • http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_710147&feature=iv&src_vid=qtZcN4bzsrA&v=qUZkWZ12A8s

  13. Parts of the ecosystem • Abiotic factors- non-living parts of the environment Ex.- air temp.,water, light, soil • Biotic factors- all living organisms that inhabit an environment

  14. Abiotic and abiotic factors • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=woSO0D94VGA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-wpbhnom70&feature=fvsr

  15. Nutrition and Energy Flow • Energy flows through an ecosystem, cannot be recycled • Matter (Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen) cycles in an ecosystem

  16. Cycles in an Ecosystem Carbon Cycle

  17. Cycles in an Ecosystem Water Cycle

  18. Changes in an Ecosystem • What would a football field look like in thirty years if it was not cared for or played on? ?

  19. Changes in an Ecosystem • Succession- orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place in the communities of an ecosystem

  20. Primary Succession • colonization of a new site from rock; can occur after volcano eruption Lichen & Mosses ferns grasses & shrubs  pines hardwoods

  21. Begins with: Pioneer plants- first organisms to inhabit an area Ex. Moss and lichen Ends with: Climax community- remains stable over long periods of time with little or no change Succession

  22. Secondary Succession • sequences of changes that take place after a community is disrupted by natural or human actions. • Ex.- abandoned building, fire, hurricane

  23. Succession Links Mount St Helen’s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaRAGzjSkzo&feature=related Student project succession http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=vNHnwHaSolA&feature=fvwp Succession Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzE6BNNLew0

  24. Biomes of the World • Biome- a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climax community • Tundra • Taiga • Temperate forest • Tropical Rainforest • Grasslands • Desert

  25. Terrestrial Biomes Sample Climatograph • 3 factors that influence type of biome • Latitude • Altitude • precipitation } Influences temperature

  26. Tundra • Permafrost -soil remains permanently frozen • Long winters and darkness, Short summers • Low temperatures • Very little rainfall • Plants- fast life cycles • Animals-thick fur

  27. Taiga • Foggy, wet climate, acidic soil • Plants- large coniferous forest (firs, pines) • Flexible branches of conifers to bend with ice and snow • Animals- Moose, elk, wolves , caribou, porcupines, black bear

  28. Temperate Forest • has definite seasons • mixture of trees (pines and hardwoods-deciduous trees) • Plants- shed leaves in winter • Animals- Deer, opossum, black bear, fox, squirrel, many bird species and insects

  29. Tropical Rainforest • At equator • almost constant temperature of 25 oC • most rain fall • very humid • greatest biodiversity • Soil is nutrient poor • Plants- large variety, adapted to grow tall to find light, vines, canopy • Animals-Toucans, monkeys, gorilla, snakes, lizards, parrots

  30. Grasslands • steppe, plains, savanna, or prairie • Uneven rainfall • Plants- Scattered trees, grass varies in length • Animals-Bison, antelope, gophers, jackrabbits, sheep • African savanna- lion, tiger, elephant, cheetah, zebra, antelope

  31. Desert • low rainfall • long droughts • Plant • shallow root systems– absorb little rainfall quickly • leaves are needles to prevent water loss • Cuticle- waxy coating on needles (leaves) • Cacti • Animals- small, active at night to prevent dehydration • lizards, kangaroo rat, scorpions, snakes

  32. Biome links • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuejxJttBqo&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=dTaWsFct32g&NR=1

  33. PLANT RESPONSES & ADAPTATIONS: • Tropism: Plant’s response to its environment • Geotropism- Response to gravity; roots down, stems up • Phototropism- Response to light; sunflower “heads” turning toward sun • Thigmotropism- Response to touch; vine climbing trellis • Hydrotropism- the way a plant grows in response to water

  34. http://leavingbio.net/plant%20responses.htm#tropisms

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