Bio 9C: Monday, 3.21.11 Title: Introduction to Genetic Inheritance and Variation

1. Bio 9C: Monday, 3.21.11Title: Introduction to Genetic Inheritance and Variation • Homework: • Finish Drawing your baby and the Making Babies Analysis Questions • Silent Do Now: (in notebook w/ title and date) • What is the difference between a gene and an allele? (Check your notes from last week if you don’t remember) • How do you think a dominant allele is different from a recessive allele? What do you think dominant and recessive mean? • Predict what you think genotype and phenotype mean (these are new words we will learn today) • Hand in Modeling Meiosis packet and Karyotyping Part II packet if you didn’t hand them in yesterday • Today’s Objectives: • Use genetics vocabulary to describe genes and alleles • Differentiate between genotypes and phenotype • Experiment with probability to see the diversity of offspring that can be made through sexual reproduction

2. Agenda Review Karyotyping Part II Introduction to new Genetics Terms (15 min) Makin’ Babies Activity Explanation (5 minutes) Activity (25 minutes) Post picture of the Baby on the front board Introduction to Punnett Squares (15 Min) Making Babies Probability w/ clickers (15 min) Making Babies Analysis Questions (20 min)

3. Karyotyping Activity – Part II Review Nondisjunction Videos

4. Mendelian genetics:the study of genetic inheritance patterns Biology 9: Moretti / Dickson

5. Genetics Overview • Genetics is the study of gene inheritance and variation • Genetics answers big questions like: • How are traits inherited? • Why do offspring look similar to their parents but not exactly like their parents? • How do we have so many different types of organisms and so much genetic variation? • Objectives for Class: • Experiment with probability to see the diversity of offspring that can be made through sexual reproduction

6. Genetics Vocabulary: Gene: A section of DNA that encodes a particular protein (ex: hair protein) Alleles: Different versions of a gene (ex: black hair vs. blond hair) Everyone has two alleles for each gene – one from each parent!

7. Mendelian Genetics and Probability • New Vocabulary: • Dominant and Recessive • Dominant: • The allele that is always expressed as a trait if it is present (regardless of other alleles) • Recessive: • The allele that is only expressed as a trait if the dominant allele is not present Evidence: True-breeding yellow x True-breeding green (YY)(yy) All yellow offspring (Yy) • Objectives for Class: • Experiment with probability to see the diversity of offspring that can be made through sexual reproduction

8. Mendelian Genetics and Probability • New Vocabulary: • Genotypes and Phenotypes • Genotypes: • The genetic make-up of an organism • The combination of alleles • Phenotypes: • The expressed physical characteristics • The “Trait” “Phenotypes are the sum of Genotypes + Environment” • Objectives for Class: • Experiment with probability to see the diversity of offspring that can be made through sexual reproduction

9. “Makin’ Babies”:Mendelian Genetics and Probability Step 1: Genotype Data Table” Determine the Traits of your baby by flipping the coin a total of two times for each trait (once for each allele). Heads = Dominant and X Tails = Recessive and Y Example: Face shape = R, so heads=R and tails = r Write the combination of the alleles in the box next to the trait. This is the Genotype for each trait Step 2:Phenotype chart Determine the Phenotype based on the Genotype from page 1 Example: if you flipped two RR for face shape, the phenotype would be Round Step 3: Draw your baby by using the traits from the Phenotype chart

10. Bio 9B: Tuesday, 3.22.11Title: • Homework: • Complete Making Babies Analysis Questions • Do Now: • Take the clicker assigned to you and sign in: • Type: “channel - 0 - 2 - channel” • Today’s Objectives: • Use genetics vocabulary to describe genes and alleles • Differentiate between genotypes and phenotype • Experiment with probability to see the diversity of offspring that can be made through sexual reproduction

11. Your Clicker Number:Write it on the FRONT of your notebook

12. Agenda Introduction to Punnett Squares/ Monohybrid Crosses (15 Min) Making Babies Probability w/ clickers (20 min) Making Babies Analysis Questions (15 min)

13. More Genetics Vocabulary • Homozygous and Heterozygous • Homozygous: Two of the same allele for a particular trait are present • Ex: RR (homozygous dominant) = Round Face • Ex: rr (homozygous recessive)= Square Face • Heterozygous: Two different alleles for a particular trait are present • Ex: Rr = Round Face • Objectives for Class: • Experiment with probability to see the diversity of offspring that can be made through sexual reproduction

14. Making Babies – Predicting Probabilities In the activity, the mother and father were both heterozygous for each trait Mother was RrFather was Rr half of the sperm got each allele R r ½ of Mom’s eggs got the R allele ½ of Mom’s eggs got the r allele Rr R RR Rr rr r

15. Making Babies – Predicting Probabilities This Punnett Square is used to PREDICT PROBABILITIES, NOT to tell you the actual numbers you will get! Probability of Round Face (RR or Rr) = ¾ or 75% Probability of Square Face (rr) = ¼ or 25% R r Rr R RR Rr rr r

16. Now let’s make predictions for the sex of the baby (boy or girl?) XX • Mother’s genotype: • Father’s genotype: • Make a Punnett Square and fill it in XY X Y Chances of girl (XX) = ½ or 50% Chances of boy (XY) = ½ or 50% XY X XX XX XY X

17. Now let’s see if the class’s babies match our predicted probabilities! • Take out the Making Babies packet and turn to the very back page • We will use clickers to collect data for Analysis Question #5 • Calculate Expected Ratios for the following traits

18. Phenotype Class Results:What is the face shape of your baby? • Round (dominant) • Square (recessive) • Objectives for Class: • Experiment with probability to see the diversity of offspring that can be made through sexual reproduction 22 of 25

19. Phenotype Class Results:Does your baby have a cleft chin? 26 • No, it’s absent (dominant) • Yes, it’s present (recessive) 22 • Objectives for Class: • Experiment with probability to see the diversity of offspring that can be made through sexual reproduction

20. Phenotype Class Results:Does your baby have a widow’s peak? • Yes, it’s present (dominant) • No, it’s absent (recessive) 23 of 26 • Objectives for Class: • Experiment with probability to see the diversity of offspring that can be made through sexual reproduction

21. Phenotype Class Results:What kind of earlobes does your baby have? • Unattached (dominant) • Attached (recessive) 21 of 26 • Objectives for Class: • Experiment with probability to see the diversity of offspring that can be made through sexual reproduction

22. Phenotype Class Results:What is the gender of your baby? • Girl (XX) • Boy (XY) 26 22 of 26 • Objectives for Class: • Experiment with probability to see the diversity of offspring that can be made through sexual reproduction 0

23. Now let’s see if the class’s babies match our predicted probabilities! • Take out the Making Babies packet and turn to the very back page • We will use clickers to collect data for Analysis Question #5

24. Making Babies – Analysis Questions • Complete Making Babies Analysis questions on a separate piece of paper • This is HW due tomorrow!

25. Bio 9C: Wednesday, 3.23.11Title: No Class – Half Day • Homework: • Do Now: • Today’s Objectives:

26. Your Clicker Number:Write it on the FRONT of your notebook

27. Bio 9C: Thursday, 3.24.11Title: Genetic Inheritance & Variation - Mendel’s Principle of Segregation • Homework: • Complete the remaining questions from the Monohybrid Crosses Worksheet • Also, read pgs 265-273 and complete the “Reviewing Mendel’s 4 Principles of Genetic Inheritance” guide. Additionally, review key vocabulary that we have gone over in class and be sure to have the terms explained in your notebook. • Do Now: • Get a clicker and answer the questions on the following slides • You will need the Making Babies Analysis Questions • Today’s Objectives: • Use Mendel’s Principle of Segregation to explain: How can children show traits that their parents don’t have? • Use Punnett Squares to solve monohybrid crosses

28. Do Now: Which of the following terms applies to traits, such as eye color, that are controlled by more than one gene? 24 • Codominant • Polygenic • Recessive • Dominant 21

29. Vocabulary Review Pass Making Babies to the left!

30. DO NOW: Does this picture show GENOTYPES or PHENOTYPES? “Click” your answer… • Genotypes • Phenotypes 20 of 25 • Objectives for Class: • Differentiate between genotypes and phenotypes :30

31. Vocabulary Review • Genotype: • genetic make-up/combination of alleles (Ex: AA, Aa, or aa) • Phenotype: • The traits that an organism has (Ex: purple flowers or white flowers) • Trait: • a specific characteristic that varies between individuals (Ex: flower color) • Objectives for Class: • Differentiate between genotypes and phenotypes

32. Vocabulary Review • Fill in the blanks… What is the phenotype? What is the phenotype? What is the genotype? • Which allele is dominant? Recessive? How do you know? • Purple (A) = Dominant • White (a) = Recessive • Objectives for Class: • Differentiate between genotypes and phenotypes

33. New(ish) Vocabulary • Fertilization: • the joining of two gametes in sexual reproduction • Zygote: • a fertilized egg cell that will grow and develop into an offspring

34. A human zygote, like most other human cells, contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does the a zygote receive from the mother? 25 • 12 • 23 • 46 • 92 20

35. In the diagram below, which process is fertilization? • Process A • Process B 20 of 25

36. Monohybrid Punnett Square Practice

37. In guinea pigs, rough coat (R) is dominant over smooth coat (r). A heterozygous guinea pig is mated with another heterozygous pig.What percentage of the next generation will have smooth coat? 25 • 100% • 50% • 25% • 75% 0

38. Introduction to Mendelian Genetics

39. Some background on Mendel and what he did to advance genetics You Don’t need to write this down: • GregorMendel studied genetics by doing experiments with pea plants. • He started with true-breeding plants, which he knew were homozygous for their traits. • Objectives for Class: • Use Mendel’s Principle of Segregation to explain: How can children show traits that their parents don’t have? • Use Punnett Squares to solve monohybrid crosses

40. Some background on Mendel and what he did to advance genetics You don’t need to write this down: • GregorMendel studied genetics by doing experiments with pea plants. • He started with true-breeding plants, which he knew were homozygous for their traits. • When he cross-bred these plants, he found that one phenotype was dominant over the other. • But when he cross-bred the offspring, the recessive phenotype reappeared! • How can we explain this?? • Objectives for Class: • Use Mendel’s Principle of Segregation to explain: How can children show traits that their parents don’t have? • Use Punnett Squares to solve monohybrid crosses

41. CW/ HW Monohybrid Crosses • Complete Question 1 (you will need to reference a book) • In sheep, the allele for black wool (a) is recessive and the allele for white wool (A) is dominant. Imagine that two white sheep that are heterozygous mate with each other to produce lambs. • Trace the alleles for each parent through diagrams of Meiosis. Show the positions of the alleles on the chromosomes at: Metaphase I, Metaphase II, and at the end of meiosis. (In other words, draw the chromosomes & the alleles!) You need to get my approval before moving on to questions 2, 3, and 4!!!

42. Review Principle of Segregation

43. Mendel’s Discoveries: Principle of Segregation • Alleles segregate (separate) during meiosis so each gamete gets one allele A A a Two choices for gametes: A or a a A A a a

44. Principle of Segregation (continued…) • This explains why the recessivetrait reappears in the F2generation… • In ¼ of the offspring. Source of Gametes

45. Review: Principle of Segregation and Meiosis Original Diploid Cells AA Aa Aa Aa Aa A a A a aa Segregation Possible Haploid Gametes Fertilization Possible Diploid Zygotes

46. CW/ HW Monohybrid Crosses • Complete Questions 2 – 4

47. Question 2 (d): What is the probability of purple flowers? 25 • 25% • 50% • 75% • 0% 0

48. Question 3 (C): If Ben and Jaelene has a child, what is the probability s(he) will have attached earlobes? 5 • 25% • 50% • 75% • 0% 0

49. Question 4 (b): A cross between a cow and a bull that both have red and white spots. What are the probabilities of a red calf? 5 • 25% • 50% • 75% • 0% 0

50. Reading to review and preview concepts • Read pgs 265-273 and complete the “Reviewing Mendel’s 4 Principles of Genetic Inheritance” guide. • Additionally, review key vocabulary that we have gone over in class and be sure to have the terms explained in your notebook.