European Colonies

1. European Colonies U.S. History C. Corning

2. New France • French N. American Colonies – colonization process more similar to Spanish/Portuguese than English • Newfoundland/Gulf of St Lawrence – 1524-1542 – Jacques Cartier (a contemporary of Cortes and Pizarro) – Northern Passage • “New France” - Quebec – 1608 – Samuel de Champlain, originally a monopoly, (experienced in West Indies – French part of Caribbean) • http://www1.canadiana.org/citm/_images/common/nf-1759-e.jpg • By 1660’s under royal authority

3. Samuel Champlain On his third trip in 1608, Champlain founded a settlement and trading post along the St. Lawrence River that eventually became the city of Quebec. It was the first permanent European settlement in Canada. He spent most of the rest of his life going back and forth between France and Canada. His goals were to map North America, find the Northern Passage to the Pacific Ocean, and teach North American natives about Christianity (the Roman Catholic version).

4. New France • Economic activity: Furs • Coureurs de bois (runners of the woods) • Intermarriage with women of “First Nations” – “metis” children (important members of growing colony) • Native Americans –French took sides – Huron and Algonquin against Iroquois Confederacy, epidemics and warfare • Indigenous people had more power and control during the acculturation process • French Missionaries – Jesuits – learned native languages, schools, agricultural communities

5. New France • Mississippi River Valley – discovered by Father Marquette and Louis Joliet in 1672 • http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/gifs/Lasallemap.GIF • 1682 - Robert La Salle -exploration of the Mississippi River • Louisiana – founded 1699 • Built a series of trading posts along the river • Colonies outside of North America: Caribbean Islands – sugar (Napoleon’s Josephine -creole from Martinique) • http://www.mrburnett.net/apworldhistory/maps/latinamericacaribbeancolonies.bmp

6. Dutch colonies • Dutch Colonies – 1609 Englishman Henry Hudson sails up the “Hudson River” in the employment of the Dutch • http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm • Current/Old Map (on desktop) • New Amsterdam 1625 (today’s New York City)– Dutch West India Company (1621) • Tolerant colony – open doors to a variety of colonists – race, religion, nationality • Fur traders and agriculture settlement • Some conflict with Native Americans over land claims/use • English takeover in 1664 (New York) – New Amsterdam was the “wedge” between northern and southern colonies – named after the King’s brother , Duke of York, later James II • Proprietorship colony • Duke gives piece of colony to friends – New Jersey

7. Peter Stuyvesant In 1647, the most successful of the Dutch Director Generals arrived in New Amsterdam. Peter Stuyvesant found New Netherland in disarray. The previous Director General's preoccupation with the Native Americans and border conflicts with the English in Connecticut had greatly weakened other portions of colonial society. Stuyvesant began issuing edicts, regulating taverns, clamping down on smuggling, and attempted to wield the authority of his office upon a population accustomed to a long line of largely ineffective Director Generals. Eventually, Stuyvesant cast his eyes upon the small settlements that had developed along the Hudson River Valley between Fort Orange and New Amsterdam.

8. New Sweden New Sweden Company 1637 – taken over by Dutch in 1655 – mainly fur and trading posts http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h595.html • The Swedes did not play a major role in exploring or colonizing the New World, but they did establish the first permanent settlement in Pennsylvania. • In 1633, the New South Company was formed by Dutch and Swedish investors to establish a commercial settlement in America. • An outpost was built near present-day Wilmington, Delaware in 1637-38. • The settlement was later moved to Tinicum Island (Philadelphia)

9. New sweden • Over the next few years, a string of small trading posts was established by Swedes and Finns along the west bank of the Delaware River. (Ask me about logs cabins! - ) • http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/4logcabins/4facts1.htm • Dutch partners were bought out in the early 1640s, which left the company entirely in Swedish hands. • However, a trade rivalry developed between the two colonial forces. The Dutch took command of the area by establishing forts that would become Philadelphia, which effectively cut off the Swedish settlements from access to the sea. • The rivalry climaxed in 1655 when a Dutch force led by Peter Stuyvesant of the New Netherlands captured the Swedish settlements.

10. The russian colony Russia - 1745 (furs) / 1799 – 1840 Russian American Company – Fort Ross The Russians maintained a long string of fur trading stations from Alaska to near San Francisco, but there existed barely a hint of actual Russian occupation and settlement. By the mid-1820s, the sea otter population was decimated and in 1825 the Russians withdrew north of 54˚40’ north latitude (the southern boundary of present-day Alaska).