What is a Number?

1. What is a Number?

2. What is a number? Names and symbols are arbitrary.

3. What is a number? Names and symbols are arbitrary. Four…. IV …. 4….

4. What is a number? Names and symbols are arbitrary.

7. Numbers that are not numbers…. 0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_%28number%29

8. Numbers that are not numbers… Some make the world go around. e

9. What is a number? Names and symbols are arbitrary. Measurement: “Rules for assigning numbers to objects (or concepts) to represent quantities of attributes.”

10. What is a number? Names and symbols are arbitrary. Measurement:

12. What is a number? Names and symbols are arbitrary. But to be a true number scale the symbols must follow some logical and systematic arrangement.

13. What is a number? Names and symbols are arbitrary. Measurement: “Standardized process of assigning symbols to objects according to certain prespeciified and nondegenerating rules.”

14. 160 Is it possible to have an IQ of 160? But what does it mean?

15. What is a number? Names and symbols are arbitrary. Measurement:

16. What is a number? Names and symbols are arbitrary. Measurement: “An object is never measured… only the object’s attributes.”

17. What is a number? Object characteristics.

18. What is a number? Scales: “A scale is the continuum upon which measurements are located.”

19. Zero degrees centigrade….

20. So then what is this…..

21. What is a number? Scales: Likert Scale Ice cream is good for breakfast. 1. Strongly disagree 2. Disagree 3. Neither agree nor disagree 4. Agree 5. Strongly agree

22. What is a number? Scales: Likert Scale

23. What is a number? Scales: Likert Scale

24. What is a number? Scales: Likert

25. What is a number? Scales:

26. What is a number? Scales:

27. What is a number? Semantic scales:

28. What is a number? Scales:

29. What is a number? Scales:

30. What is a number? But complex concepts in business may not be easily measured.

31. What is a number? But complex concepts in business may not be easily measured. Harvard professor S.S. Stevens created scales to measure difficult concepts.

32. Stevens’ Scales

33. Steven’s original paper in Science, 103(2684), June 7, 1946.

34. Steven’s Scales: Ratio

35. Steven’s Scales: 1. Nominal Scales

36. Steven’s Scales: • Nominal Scales a. Name

37. Steven’s Scales: • Nominal Scales a. Name b. Classify

38. Steven’s Scales: • Nominal Scales a. Name b. Classify c. Categorize

39. Steven’s Scales: • Nominal Scales a. Name b. Classify c. Categorize

40. Steven’s Scales: • Nominal Scales • Ordinal Scales

41. Steven’s Scales: • Nominal Scales • Ordinal Scales Does everything a nominal scales does. Ranks objects or concepts by some characteristic. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/sagarin/fbt09.htm

42. Steven’s Scales: • Nominal Scales • Ordinal Scales • Interval scales

43. Steven’s Scales: • Nominal Scales • Ordinal Scales • Interval scales Does everything an ordinal scale does. Interval is now meaningful.

44. Steven’s Scales: • Nominal Scales • Ordinal Scales • Interval scales • Ratio scales

45. Steven’s Scales: • Nominal Scales • Ordinal Scales • Interval scales • Ratio scales Has all the characteristics of all other scales, but it also has meaningful ratios. It has a true zero.

46. Good source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W3241E/w3241e04.htm

47. Steven’s Scales: • Nominal Scales • Ordinal Scales X = f(x) • Interval scales X = kx + c • Ratio scales X = kx

48. Which scale to use? • Amount of information needed

49. Which scale to use? • Amount of information needed Each higher scale carries more information than the one before it.

50. Which scale to use? • Amount of information needed • Characteristics of stimulus or concept