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The Dirty 30s

Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay Kevin P. Dincher www.kevindincher.com. The Worst Hard Time. The Dirty 30s. Big mountains and large bodies of water Limit, separate, define, protect, secure Major rivers Unite, move Flat, open Spaces

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The Dirty 30s

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  1. Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay Kevin P. Dincher www.kevindincher.com The Worst Hard Time The Dirty 30s

  2. Big mountains and large bodies of water • Limit, separate, define, protect, secure • Major rivers • Unite, move • Flat, open Spaces • Easy movement, lack of definition, lack of security Kevin P. Dincher The Revenge of Geography (Kaplan)

  3. Kevin P. Dincher The Revenge of Geography

  4. Kevin P. Dincher The Revenge of Geography • Plains Indians • Arikara • Hidatsa • Iowa • Kaw (or Kansa) • Kitsai • Mandan • Missouria • Omaha • Osage • Otoe • Pawnee • Ponca • Quapaw • Wichita • Sioux

  5. Kevin P. Dincher The Revenge of Geography • Plains Indians • Semi-sedentary • Lived in villages • Buffalo • Raised crops • Traded with other tribes • Horse • 1519: Cortés • 12 horses • 1539: Coronado • 558 horses • 1592: Juan de Oñate • 7000 horses

  6. Kevin P. Dincher • Original range • Range as of 1870 • Range as of 1889 • Dark numbers indicate number of bison as of January 1st 1889 • Buffalo Bill Cody • Ulysses S. Grant (1874) • Philip Sheridan (1875)

  7. Kevin P. Dincher The Revenge of Geography

  8. Kevin P. Dincher The Revenge of Geography Indian Removal Act (1830) Trail of Tears

  9. Kevin P. Dincher The Revenge of Geography

  10. Kevin P. Dincher 1874: Black Hills Gold Rush 1849: CA Gold Rush 1859: CO Gold Rush

  11. The Indian Wars on the Great Plains • Dakota War (1862) • Colorado War (1863 – 1865) • Red Cloud’s War (1866 – 1868) • Sheridan Campaigns (1868-1869) • Great Sioux War (Black Hills War, 1876-1877) • Battle of the Little Bighorn (Custer’s Last Stand) • Wounded Knee Massacre (1890) Kevin P. Dincher The Revenge of Geography Chief Quanah Parker of the Kwahadi Comanche

  12. Kevin P. Dincher Buffalo Soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment, 1890 Buffalo soldiers fought in the last engagement of the Indian Wars; the small Battle of Bear Valley in southern Arizona which occurred in 1918 between U.S. cavalry and Yaqui natives

  13. Kevin P. Dincher Buffalo Soldiers who participated in the Spanish American War

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  16. Farming the Great Plains • Manifest Destiny • Continentalism and America’s changing self-image • Immigration • Population changes and homesteading • Industrialization and the Gilded Age • America’s changing relationship with nature • Progressive Era • Reform and renewal • Conservation and Environmentalism Kevin P. Dincher The Long View of History

  17. First Transcontinental Railroad • 1862: Abraham Lincoln • 1869: Completed Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

  18. Kevin P. Dincher First Transcontinental Railroad

  19. Kevin P. Dincher 1860: 30,626 miles 1870: 52,922 miles

  20. Kevin P. Dincher 1870 to 1880: added about 40,000 miles = 93,267 miles

  21. Kevin P. Dincher 1880 to 1890: added about 70,300 miles = 163,597 miles 1860 to 1890: W of Miss. Increased from 2,175 mi to 72,389 mi

  22. Railroads • Impacted Immigration • NY to CA • 6 days instead of 6 weeks • Great Plains Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

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  24. Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization • Civil War • Demand for transportation • People • Materials/Munitions • Food • Demand for goods and food • Sewing machines • Canning and meat packing • Grain • Demand for immigrants • Cheap labor • Result: urbanization • Demand for natural resources

  25. Post Civil War Boom (1865 – 1900) • Reconstruction Era (1865 – 1877) • Gilded Age (1877 – Titanic?) • “Railroad Boom” • Steel in western Pennsylvania • Coal and oil • Mining • Lumber • Cattle • Farming Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

  26. Post Civil War Boom (1865 – 1900) • Railroad Boom • Immigration and cities • Increased demand for manufactured goods • Increased demand for resources • Growing number of extremely rich people Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

  27. Immigration and cities • 1860 – 1870: US population grew from 31m to 38m • 2.3m immigrants (90 percent of them from Europe) • 1870: 5 percent of the U.S. population were foreign born • Immigrants comprised 20 percent of the labor force • 1870 – 1880: US population grew to 50m • Abundance of cheap labor … and poor people Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

  28. Immigration and cities Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization 1921: Emergency Quota Act 1924: Immigration Act

  29. Immigration and cities • Abundance of cheap labor … and poor people • Impacts: • Prices of manufactured goods • Urbanization of America • Living conditions • Relationship with nature • Increased demand Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

  30. Increased demand for manufacturedgoods • Processed (canned) food • Food transported in • Extremely Poor • Middle Class • Extremely Rich Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

  31. Land “Speculation” • Great Plains • Suitcase Farmers • Consolidating Farms • Rockies, California, Northwest • Timber/Mining Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

  32. Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization Increased demand for resources Growing number of extremely rich people • Robber Barons

  33. Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization • Robber Barons • Middle Ages, Germany • Tolls on the Rhine • Businessmen of the 1800s who used exploitative practices to amass wealth • exerting control over national resources • accruing high levels of government influence • paying extremely low wages • squashing competition by acquiring competitors in order to create monopolies and eventually raise prices • schemes to sell stock at inflated prices to unsuspecting investors in order to destroy the company for which the stock was issued and impoverish investors

  34. John Jacob Astor (real estate, fur) • Andrew Carnegie (steel) • Charles Crocker (railroads) • Henry Clay Frick (steel) • Mark Hopkins (railroads) • Andrew W. Mellon (finance, oil) • J. P. Morgan (finance, industrial consolidation) • John D. Rockefeller (oil) • Charles M. Schwab (steel) • John D. Spreckels (sugar) • Leland Stanford (railroads) • Cornelius Vanderbilt (water transport, railroads) Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

  35. Gilded Age • Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner • The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today • Satire: serious social problems hidden by a thin layer of gold • In 1890, 11.5 million of the nation’s 12 million families earned less than $1200 per year • Average annual income of this group was $380 • 60% of the nation lived below the poverty line Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

  36. Kevin P. Dincher The Breakers, Newport, RI (1893) Vanderbilt “cottage” 70-rooms with approximately 65,000 sq. ft. of living space

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  39. Kevin P. Dincher The main house contains 178,926 square feet, 250 rooms, 43 bathrooms, 85 fireplaces, 3 kitchens, an indoor swimming pool and bowling alley (Biltmore is still owned by the Vanderbilt family).

  40. Kevin P. Dincher Carson Mansion, Eureka, CA -- 16,200 sq. ft. and 18 rooms

  41. Kevin P. Dincher Hopkins Mansion, Nob Hill, San Francisco, CA

  42. Kevin P. Dincher Crocker Mansion, Nob Hill, San Francisco, CA (location of Grace Cathedral)

  43. Kevin P. Dincher Huntington Mansion, Nob Hill, San Francisco, CA

  44. Kevin P. Dincher Stanford Mansion, Nob Hill, San Francisco, CA

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  46. Gilded Age • Economic boom • Political corruption • 60% living below poverty level • Natural resources Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

  47. Land Management? Before 1870’s:“wholesale giveaway” • Homesteading • Public Auction • Cheap sales/lease Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

  48. Land Management? • 1871: Ferdinand Hayden (geologist) • Preliminary Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana and Portions of Adjacent Territories; Being a Fifth Annual Report of Progress • Painter: Thomas Moran • Civil War Photographer: William Henry Jackson Kevin P. Dincher Industrialization

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