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Riddles

Riddles. What happens when you throw a yellow rock into a purple stream ? What starts with a T, ends with a T, and has T in it?. Introduction to the Atmosphere. The air around us. What is the atmosphere ?.

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Riddles

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  1. Riddles What happens when you throw a yellow rock into a purple stream? What starts with a T, ends with a T, and has T in it?

  2. Introduction to the Atmosphere The air around us.

  3. What is the atmosphere? • The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air, which we call the atmosphere. It reaches over 560 kilometers (348 miles) from the surface of the Earth, so we are only able to see what occurs fairly close to the ground. • This “blanket” moderates temperature, protects us from harmful radiation and supports life.

  4. Composition of the Atmosphere • The present composition of the atmosphere is: • 21% OXYGEN (O2) • 78% NITROGEN (N2) • 0.04% CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) • ~0.9% ARGON (Ar) • Besides water vapor, several other gases are also present in much smaller amounts: • Carbon monoxide (formula CO) • Neon (Ne) • Oxides of nitrogen • Methane (CH4) • Krypton (Kr)

  5. THE FIRST BILLION YEARS • The Earth's surface was originally molten, as it cooled the volcanoes out gassed out massive amounts of: • CARBON DIOXIDE, • STEAM (H2O vapor), • AMMONIA and • METHANE. • There was NO OXYGEN. The STEAM condensed to form water which then produced shallow seas.

  6. Layers of the Atmosphere

  7. The Troposphere • Troposphere: The troposphere is the lowest region in the Earth's (or any planet's) atmosphere. • On the Earth, it goes from ground (or water) level up to about 11 miles (17 kilometers) high. • Weather and clouds occur in the troposphere. • In the troposphere, the temperature generally decreases as altitude increases.

  8. The Stratosphere • The stratosphere : 11 and 31 miles (17 to 50 kilometers) above the earth's surface. • The earth's ozone layer is located in the stratosphere. Ozone, a form of oxygen, is crucial to our survival; this layer absorbs a lot of ultraviolet solar energy. • Only the highest clouds (cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus) are in the lower stratosphere.

  9. The Troposphere vs. the Stratosphere

  10. The Mesosphere • The mesosphere : 31 and 50 miles (17 to 80 kilometers) above the earth's surface • Temperatures in the mesosphere drop with increasing altitude to about -100°C • In the mesosphere temperatures that quickly decrease as height increases. • The mesosphere is also the layer in which a lot of meteors burn up while entering the Earth's atmosphere. From the Earth they are seen as shooting stars.

  11. The Thermosphere • Temperature increases with altitude. Due to the Suns energy. • Temperatures in this region can go as high as 1,727 degrees Celsius. • Radiation causes the scattered air particles in this layer to become electrically charged (see ionosphere), enabling radio waves to bounce off and be received beyond the horizon.

  12. The Ionosphere • The thermosphere can be identified in two parts- the ionosphere and the exosphere. • Ionosphere: 70 km-640 (about 400 miles = 640 km). • It contains many ions and free electrons (plasma). • Auroras occur in the ionosphere. • The Aurora , or northern lights are a result of particles from the sun coming into contact with the Earth’s atmosphere.

  13. The Exosphere • Exosphere: the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere. • From about 400 miles (640 km) high to about 800 miles (1,280 km). • The lower boundary of the exosphere is called the critical level of escape, where atmospheric pressure is very low (the gas atoms are very widely spaced) and thetemperature is very low • In this region, atoms and molecules escape into space.

  14. Coriolis Effect: The force due to the Earth's rotation that cause objects in motion to veer to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

  15. Hypothetical look ofplanetary wind on planet if: 1. All the surface was water. 2. No rotation of the planet. Which would mean no coriolis effect.

  16. Global Wind Patterns: Winds named for the direction they come from Doldrums -an area of low pressure occurring where the trade winds meet along the equator. Winds here are usually calm or very light and so ships would avoid the area because they would only be pushed along very slowly.

  17. ITCZ - The easterly trade winds of both hemispheres meet at an area near the equator called the "Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

  18. Horse Latitudes - These are located mostly over the oceans, at about 30° latitude in both of the hemispheres. Stories say that sailors gave the region of the subtropical high the name "horse latitudes" because ships relying on wind power stalled; fearful f running out of food and water, sailors threw their horses and cattle overboard to save on provisions.

  19. Surface wind bands on Earth

  20. Story of Bottled Water

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