1. BIOTERRORISM & BIOWARFARE

2. the use of infectious agents or other harmful biological or biochemical substances as weapons of terrorism the deliberate use of biological agents to cause illness, death and fear for ideological or personal purposes (Oxford University Press, 2010) BIOTERRORISM

3. Category A – greatest risk to public/security • Diseases that are both infectious and contagious • Diseases that are infectious but not contagious • Toxins • Category B – intermediate risk • Category C – emerging diseases that could be engineered (Green, M.S. / Oxford University Press, 2010) Biological AGENTS

4. Dissemination through • Aerosolization • Infected organisms • Humans • Food • Water (Green, M.S. / Oxford University Press, 2010) Biological agents

5. Factors • Incubation period • Diagnosis • Treatment • Isolation • Decontamination (Green, M.S. / Oxford University Press, 2010) Biological agents

6. Bubonic Plague • Yersiniapestisvia Xenopsyllacheopsis • Swollen lymph nodes • Anthrax • Bacillus anthracis • Toxicity • Botulism • Clostridium botulinum • Paralysis (Green, M.S. / Oxford University Press, 2010) Biological agents

7. Extensive, up-to-date information • Public Awareness (Green, M.S. / Oxford University Press, 2010) management

8. the use of toxins of biological origin or microorganisms as weapons of war (Oxford University Press, 2010) Biowarfare

9. Already in place since medieval times In the 14th and 15th centuries, warring parties used decomposing corpses as catapult ammunition During the French-Indian war, it is believed that a British general ordered that blankets and handkerchiefs be taken from smallpox patients in Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania's infirmary, and given to the Indians surrounding the fort. Throughout the 20th century, bacterial agents such as anthrax, plague, typhoid, tularemia, and Salmonella were believed to have been used as bioweapons biowarfare

10. Genetic engineering + already nasty organisms = Death’s party Offensive Biowarfare

11. Vaccines Detection methods Defensive Biowarfare

12. Myth #1: All agents used for biological warfare are contagious. Myth #2: Biological weapons are easily spread throughout a population. Myth #3: A mask, plastic sheeting, and some duct tape will save you from a biological attack. Biowarfare myths

13. Geneva Protocol (1925) • Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (1972) Biowarfare

14. An exercise staged by several collaborative groups in the US simulating a covert smallpox attack on the country. Smallpox outbreak in Oklahoma, followed by 2000 smallpox cases over 15 states 6 days after outbreak Panic leads to ethnicity-related violence, shortages of supplies, closure of shops and places Dark Winter

15. Chaos swamps the authorities. 13 days after outbreak, 16,000 cases over 25 states are reported, 1000 deaths have been recorded 10 other countries report cases of smallpox. Canada and Mexico close their borders to the United States. Vaccine supplies are depleted, and health officials predict that by February, there will be three million cases of smallpox, leading to as many as one million deaths. Dark Winter

16. Major US media outlets each receive an anonymous letter demanding the removal of all U.S. forces from Saudi Arabia and all warships from the Persian Gulf within one week. Failure to comply, will result in new smallpox attacks on the U.S. as well as additional attacks with anthrax and bubonic plague. Each letter contains a genetic fingerprint that matches the fingerprint of the smallpox strain that caused the epidemic, proving the authenticity of these claims and the seriousness of the threats. GAME OVER Dark Winter

17. The Dark Star Dominion is a country which has recently come into contact with a microorganism that can cause crippling paralysis by attacking the voluntary motor nerves of the victim. The spread of this sickness is slow, however, since the bacteria spreads via body fluids only. The Warmasters of the Dominion desire to utilize this bacteria, called Mortusimmobilus, to wage war against their neighbors and acquire territory. Activity

18. Activity • Form a group, name your own cool country, and nominate your leader. Provide a fancy title for your leader and yourselves. • EX: • Republic of TandangSora • J. Suico, Warlord • A. Aliermo, Fleet Admiral • K. Ocampo, Health Minister • What is your country’s stand regarding the biowarfare situation of your neighboring country, the Dark Star Dominion? • What preparative measures will you take? • How will you deal with the threat represented by the Dark Star Dominion?