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Atomic Structure

Explore the fundamentals of atomic structure and the organization of the periodic table. Atoms, the smallest units of elements, consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The nucleus houses protons with a positive charge and neutrons with no charge, while electrons carry a negative charge and orbit in shells. Created by Dmitri Mendeleev, the periodic table categorizes elements by atomic number, showing relationships between metals, nonmetals, and semiconductors. Learn how to decipher atomic numbers, electron configurations, and the significance of ions.

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Atomic Structure

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  1. Atomic Structure • The Atom • Smallest unit of an element that can exist alone • Greek for “uncuttable” • Anatomy of an Atom: Electrons, Protons, Neutrons • The Nucleus • Proton • Positive charge • Determines the atomic number • Number of Protons determines the number of Electrons • Neutron • No charge • Atomic weight - # of Protons = # of Neutrons

  2. Atomic Structure • Electrons • Negative charge • Atomic number tells you the number of electrons • Resides in the “shells”, orbits, or levels

  3. The Periodic Table • Organized representation of the chemical elements • Dimitri Mendeleev • February 17, 1869 • 63 elements • 113 elements • Row (Period) • Left to right w/ increasing atomic number • Number from 1 to 7 • Columns (Family) • Number of electrons in the outer orbit • Groups • A Group (Representative elements) • B Group (Transition elements) • Group VIIIA • Noble or inert gases • Metals, Semiconductors, & Nonmetals • More on this later – stay tuned

  4. The Periodic Table • The Element • Symbol • Atomic number • Total number of electrons • Total number of protons • Electrical charge • Electrons – minus • Protons – plus • Neutrons – no charge • Atomic weight (Nucleus) • Protons + Neutrons = atomic weight

  5. The Periodic Table • Electron Configuration • Energy Levels (Shells) • Level I – 2 • Level II – 8 • Level III – 8 (first 20 elements) (18) • Level IV – 32

  6. The Periodic Table • Putting it all together . . . • Sodium Na • Atomic # - 11 • Level I (Shell) - 2 • Level II - 8 • Level III – 1

  7. The Periodic Table • Try this one . . . Chlorine Cl

  8. The Periodic Table • Chlorine Cl • Atomic # 17 • Level I – 2 • Level II – 8 • Level III – 7

  9. The Periodic Table • What does the Periodic Table Tell Us? • Element symbol & name • Atomic Number of the element • Number of electrons • Number of protons • Number of neutrons • Number of electrons in the outer shell • Atomic weight

  10. The Periodic Table • Metals, Nonmetals, & Semiconductors • 80% of the elements are metals • Ion • An element with an unbalanced electron charge – either plus or minus • Positive ions – lose electrons • Metals • Negative ions – gain electrons • Non-metals • Remember – the number of protons determines the charge

  11. The Periodic Table • Ions • When the number of protons is greater than the number electrons it is a positive (+) charged ion. • When the number of electrons is greater than the number of protons it is a negative (-) charged ion.

  12. The Periodic Table • Metals • Elements with 1 – 3 electrons to lose • Positive ion • Non-metals • Elements with 1 -3 electrons to gain • Negative ion

  13. The Periodic Table Check this out . . . http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements

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