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discourse

discourse. “formation or cluster of ideas, images and practices that construct knowledge of, ways of talking about, and forms of conduct associated with a particular topic, social activity, or institutional site in society” Discursive formations define what is appropriate, relevant “true”.

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discourse

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  1. discourse “formation or cluster of ideas, images and practices that construct knowledge of, ways of talking about, and forms of conduct associated with a particular topic, social activity, or institutional site in society” Discursive formations define what is appropriate, relevant “true”

  2. “1980-1994: remittances to Colombia, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Guatemala and Mexico went from $700 million to $5.5 billion”

  3. Some important events in us - latin American relations

  4. Manifest destiny: a belief in 19th Century US From Manifest Destiny came the Monroe Doctrine U.S. divinely destined and obligated to spread west and occupy continent Social Darwinism influence that U.S. Americans were superior to Latin Americans Stephen Austin (1836): The Texas conflict represented the confrontation between “a mongrel Spanish-Indian and Negro race, against civilization and the Anglo-American race." George Lippard, in his novel Legends of Mexico [1847], wrote that Mexicans were "a mongrel race, molded of Indian and Spanish blood" that was destined to "melt into, and be ruled by, the Iron Race of the North."

  5. Monroe doctrine: US policy 1823 European attempts to colonize Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression subject to US intervention.

  6. US Invasion / Mexican-American War 1846 - 1848 “The border crossed over them”. • US invaded Mexico • US seized ½ Mexico’s territory including California, Texas, Oklahoma, Arizona, Nevada, parts of New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming • US now had Atlantic and Pacific shores • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ended war: 100,000 Mexicans and 200,000 native Americans were now in US

  7. Example of US sense of entitlement towards Latin America: Wm Walker in Nicaragua… From Tennessee, a doctor, lawyer, journalist, mercenary Organized private military expeditions into Latin America to establish English-speaking colonies under his personal control He declared himself president of Nicaragua in 1856 and ruled until 1857, defeated by a coalition of Central American armies; executed in 1860

  8. William Walker in Nicaragua 1855 • 1855 US supported William Walker to invade Nicaragua , attempt to install himself as president and legalize slavery • “Instead of maintaining the purity of the races as the English did in their settlements, the Spaniards had cursed their colonial possessions with a mixed race” • “Whenever barbarism and civilization meet face to face… the result must be war.”

  9. ROOSEVELT COROLLARY 1904to Monroe doctrine • US right to be international police • INTERVENTIONIST POLICY • At least 26 military interventions • Outright control in Caribbean and Central America • Creation of Panama in 1903

  10. PANAMA’S INDEPENDENCE FROM COLOMBIA 1903 US desperately wanted to build a canal but Colombia would not sell land Roosevelt organized revolt in Panama with US assistance

  11. Panama canal video US invasion 1989 • New Panamanian government gave US control of canal zone for $10 million and US marine protection • US signed treaty with Panama granting canal zone for future canal to US in perpetuity • 1914 – 1977 US controlled canal zone; returned to Panama in 1977 by President Carter • Became official in 1999

  12. Gunboat Diplomacy 1898 - 1929 Spanish-American war 1898 : US defeated Spain and gained Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippines

  13. Cuba • After Spanish-American war (1898), US agreed to give up Cuba on conditions • Stationed US troops in Cuba until 1933 giving US right to intervene in name of “good governance” • Leased Guantanamo Bay to US military as naval base • (Beginning in 2002, used as military prison for prisoners in war on terror) Platt amendment 1901 “That the government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the government of Cuba.”

  14. More Gunboat Diplomacy interventions… • 1904 US troops to Dominican Republic to defend economic interests (1916 – 1924 US protectorate) • 1910 US troops occupy Nicaragua • 1915 Haiti (US protectorate until 1934) • 1917 Mexico “Central America has always understood that governments we recognize and support stay in power, while those we do not recognize and support fail.”- Secy of State Robert Olds, 1927

  15. Augusto Cesar Sandino, Nicaragua • US intervenes 1912-1932 • Sandino resists 1926-1932 • US leaves Anastasio Somoza in power, 1933 • Somoza’s National Guard kills Sandino, 1934 • Somoza family rules Nicaragua as personal fief with support of National Guard and US, 1932-1979

  16. Good Neighbor Policy, 1929-1953 • 1929-33, US Marines pulled from every country except Haiti • FDR stresses economic ties over political domination • WWII aids good relations • 1948: Creation of Organization of American states (OAS) for collective peacekeeping

  17. COLD WAR 1953-1989 • Threat of communism (Soviet Union and China) • Eisenhower President and John Foster Dulles Secretary of State 1953 • Dulles very worried about threat of communism in Latin America • At OAS meeting, Dulles declared that any government under communist influence was a threat and promoted military intervention; OAS agreed to consultations rather than interventions • Beginning of covert role of CIA in military coups in Latin America • Supported right-wing governments no matter how repressive

  18. Cuba • 1959 Castro takes power with goal of reducing US influence in region • 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion • Planned by Eisenhower to overthrow Castro • Kennedy elected in 1961; refused to commit US troops • 1962 Cuban missile crisis • Soviet missiles were pointed at US • Kennedy and Khrushchev made agreement to withdraw missiles if US promised not to invade Cuba

  19. Result: embargo • embargo against Cuba • establish Alliance for Progress: economic and technical assistance to LA nations in order to quell revolutionary tendencies

  20. Cold war was played out in Central America

  21. Somoza Regime • Last ruler in Somoza family dynasty which began in 1936 • -Somoza family controlled government, utilities, National Guard (military/US-backed) • extreme wealth, repressive regime • late 40’s : largest landowner in Nicaragua • Last Somoza : 1967-1979 • -removed ban on re-election • - (Somoza family ½ wealth) • Educated in US, including West Point

  22. FSLN Broad bands of guerilla forces opposed regime formed FSLN (Sandinistas) negotiate ransom get FSLN prisoners released from jail and flown to Panama (declaration read over the radio and printed) Somoza responded with censorship, intimidation, torture and murder.

  23. 1975 – Somoza & National Guard launch violent campaign at FSLN. *state of siege* • press censored • All opponents threatened with detention and torture. • Individuals suspected of collaborating with the FSLN are targeted • Beginning of civil war • FSLN overcome the National Guard across the country. (1979) • By the end of June 1979 all of Nicaragua is under FSLN control except the capital, where Somoza is.. Facing certain defeat, Somoza resigns as president ;flees to Miami then Paraguay. • 1979: Sandinistas ruled country • -leftist group; backed by Soviet Union and Cuba • Originally ruled by “Junta of National Reconstruction”(group of people)

  24. 1980, Somoza was assassinated in Paraguay, where he was in exile • Story of Nicaraguan revolution

  25. Reagan in Nicaragua • 1981 – Reagan claimed Nicaragua was providing arms to guerrillas in El Salvador (Cuba & Soviet Union) • US begins a campaign to isolate the FSLN. • All US aid suspended • Authorizes CIA to fund and train right-wing rebels (“Contras”) operating from Honduras. • Contras are mostly former members of the National Guard • 1985- Congress suspends funds to Contras • Reagan administration orders embargo on US trade with Nicaragua. • devastating effect on the country's economy • providing indirect assistance to the Contras 1986 - Congress votes to resume aid to Contras. US$100 million military and nonmilitary assistance

  26. Iran-Contra Affair • 1986 revealed that staff in the Reagan administration attempted to circumvent the 1985 congressional ban on aid to the Contras by illegally diverting funds from weapons sales to Iran • Reagan tried to divert monies for Contras by overcharging Iran for weapons in a deal to release American hostages in Lebanon • 1987 : US Congress again withdraws aid to the Contras following the Iran-Contra Affair • stalemate, • negotiated peace settlement. • temporary cease-fire agreement March 1988. • ~30,000 – 50,000 dead

  27. El Salvador, 1979-1992 Peace accords 1992 • A similar guerrilla movement to topple the government ; guerilla groups united in 1980 as FMLN • Like Nicaragua, government was controlled by land-owning elite • Right-wing death squads were defending the government and fighting the rebels • Sympathizers of the rebels were assassinated • Including Archbishop Romero and 4 churchwomen; • Death squads were trained by US at the School of the Americas • US gave $6 billion in US military aid to govt

  28. Archbishop Oscar Romero Liberation theologian; outspoken critic of military junta; Murdered in 1980 "You say that you are Christian. If you are really Christian, please stop sending military aid to the military here, because they use it only to kill my people." (From a letter to President Carter) 4 church women raped killed in 1980 by El Salvadoran National Guard The story

  29. School of the Americas (SOA)(Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation) • Ft. Benning, Georgia • since 1946, trained 64,000 Latin American soldiers • “counterinsurgency techniques, sniper training, commando and psychological warfare, military intelligence and interrogation tactics. These graduates have consistently used their skills to wage a war against their own people. among those targeted by SOA graduates are educators, union organizers, religious workers, student leaders, and others who work for the rights of the poor. hundreds of thousands of Latin Americans have been tortured, raped, assassinated, “disappeared,” massacred, and forced into refugee by those trained at the school • http://soaw.org

  30. Detention centers

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