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The Biological Bases of Behavior. He mana te matauranga The mana of systems of knowledge. Western science = know how approach to constructing knowledge (knowledge must be pursued no matter what)
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He mana temataurangaThe mana of systems of knowledge • Western science = know how approach to constructing knowledge (knowledge must be pursued no matter what) • Matauranga Maori = know why approach to constructing knowledge (the reasons for seeking knowledge must be irrefutable - some forms of knowledge are sacred, dangerous, and best protected until we know why is understood) Individualism vs collectivism
Why a Maori Psychology? • widespread distrust of psychology training, theory and practice as it exists in Aotearoa • agreement that kaupapa Maori psychology exists, based in tikanga and is broader or more inclusive than university based psychology; • support for the developing Maori content in mainstream psychology and kaupapa Maori centred approaches;
A Maori Psychology • Highlights Maori ways of viewing the world • Data based on pre-colonial Maori psychology and drawn from analysis of historical Maori encounters • Identifies generic notion of Maori thinking, feeling and behaving that is not always distinctive from Pakeha or similar amongst all Maori • Is not applicable to all situations, but applies particularly to research processes with people and to therapeutic processes
Processes of Maori Psychology • Aroha ki te tangata Respect for peoples • Kanohi kitea The seen face; face to face presentation • Titiro, whakarongo Look, listen.... … korero speak • Manaaki ki te Share and host tangata people; be generous • Kia tupato Be cautious • Kaua e takahia te Do not trample over mana o te tangata the mana of people • Kaua e mahaki Don’t flaunt your knowledge
Social Organisation and identity On the marae, the physical environment and systems of interaction with that environment and with people determine personal role, functions and responsibilities and group people on the basis of physical, intrinsic and esoteric thresholds: tane/wahine, tamariki/pakeke, tangata whenua/manuhiri, tapu/noa, mate/ora…..
Within these interactions: • Interconnectedness with each other and the environment • Personal boundaries • Social order and progressions • Patterns of thought • Maori identity • Maori biology
A different way of Interconnectedness • Mauri: life force centred behaviour • Constant sense of intrinsic identity • Active search for personal similarities and relatedness • Reinforcement of relationships beyond this existence • Spiritual rituals
What can a Maori psychology offer? • Growth of matauranga Maori • Retention and growth of cultural identity • Better identification of areas of psychological difficulty and means of coping both at individual and community level • Development of culturally safe and more effective interventions • A growing understanding of the psychologies of indigenous and Pacific communities
Key areas for Maori Psychology • Developmental psychology • Social psychology • Personality • “Abnormal” psychology • Psychometric testing
Model of the Organization of the Nervous System (brain – body communication system) • Central nervous system (CNS) • Peripheral nervous system • Somatic nervous system • Afferent nerve pathways = toward the CNS touch, taste, smell, hearing, vision • Efferent nerve pathways = away from the CNS to motor neurons in the muscles • Autonomic nervous system (ANS) • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic images videos\Peripheral nervous system.wmv
The Triune Brain theory The triune brain + 1.wmv
Reptillian Brain or the R-complex • The term "Reptilian brain" comes from the fact that a reptile's brain is dominated by the brain stem and cerebellum which controls instinctual survival behaviours and thinking • The R-complex controls the muscles, balance and autonomic functions (e.g. breathing and heartbeat). It is, thus, primarily reactive to direct internal and external stimuli.
The limbic system (or Paleomammalian brain) A set of brain structures including the • hippocampus, • amygdala, • Hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nuclei, and • Limbic cortex, • It supports a variety of functions including pleasure and pain, hunger, thirst, sex, long term memory, and smell
The Cerebrum (cerebral cortex):The Seat of Complex Thought • Four Lobes: • Occipital – vision • Parietal - somatosensory • Temporal - auditory • Frontal – movement, executive control systems • video
The homun-culus – a represen-tation of the amount of cortex the sensory muscular system requires
Theory of brain stucture and function -each part of the brain has a specific and unique function
Our two minds – brain lateralisation A longitudinal fissure separates the human brain into two distinct hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere's structure is generally mirrored by the other side. Despite the strong similarities, the functions of each cortical hemisphere are different. Localising functions in one hemisphere is more efficient
Right Brain/Left Brain:Cerebral Specialization • Left hemisphere – verbal processing: language, speech, reading, writing, maths, logic. dominant hand • Right hemisphere – social, creative, nonverbal processing: musical, spatial, visual recognition • Ambidextrous people may have more powerful or more confused processors • images videos\Split brain behavioral experiments.avi
Studying the Brain: Research Methods • Damage studies/lesioning • Electrical stimulation (ESB) • Brain imaging – • computerized tomography (CT) • positron emission tomography (PET) • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
