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Understanding the Legislative Process: How a Bill Becomes Law in Congress

This guide outlines the legislative process in the United States Congress, detailing how a bill is introduced, referred to committees, debated, and voted on in both the House and Senate. It covers the roles of committee chairs, the importance of the Rules Committee, and the influence of majority and minority parties on legislation. The process culminates in the President’s desk, where a bill may face signature or veto. The document also addresses critical health care terminology and prompts discussion on personal experiences within the health care system and the rising costs associated with health care reform.

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Understanding the Legislative Process: How a Bill Becomes Law in Congress

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Congress: the institution

  2. How a bill becomes a law • Introduced by a member in either chamber • House.gov • Referral to the committee(s) with jurisdiction • Committee assignments and makeup • Committee (and subcommittee) chairs • After referral to subcommittee • Into the Garbage can • Hearings • Markup • Vote • Same process at full committee level • Before it goes to the floor: Rules committee • Powers of the Speaker of the House

  3. How a bill becomes a law • Same process in the other chamber • Senate.gov • Referral to the committee(s) with jurisdiction • Committee (and subcommittee) assignment • Committee (and subcommittee) chair • After referral to subcommittee • Into the Garbage can, hearings, Markup, Vote • Same process at full committee level • Floor procedure • Unlimited debate, filibuster, cloture • Powers of the Majority leader

  4. How a bill becomes a law • Bill that passes both houses goes to Conference Committee • Re-passage of identical bill in both houses • President’s Desk for veto or signature • 2/3 vote in both houses to override

  5. Questions • Which is easier: passing a bill or stopping a bill from passing? • What are the majority party’s advantages in the House? The Senate? • What are the minority party’s advantages in the House? The Senate? • Who controls the agenda? • Who controls the content of legislation? • What is the president’s role in the legislative process? What is his bargaining position?

  6. Health Care

  7. Terminology • Terminology: • Medicare • Medicaid/Medical • HMO/PPO • Fee for service • Premium • Employer Mandate • Individual Mandate • Deductible • Catastrophic coverage • Others??

  8. Topics for discussion • What are your personal experiences with the health care system? What do you think are the “problems” with the health care system? • What are the cost issues associated with health care reform?

  9. Health care costs rise quickly • Expenditures on health care in the economy: • 1980:$253 billion • 1990: $714 billion • 2007: $2.2 trillion, 16% of GDP • 46% of health care spending is public spending

  10. Health care expenditures(From the Kaiser Family Foundation background brief on health care costs, 9/13/09)

  11. Reform proposals

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