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Research and Design in Exercise Science

Research and Design in Exercise Science. What is Research?. Research is the systematic process of investigation and study used to advance knowledge Two Main types of research Quantitative - formal, objective and systematic process using numerical data

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Research and Design in Exercise Science

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  1. Research and Design in Exercise Science

  2. What is Research? • Research is the systematic process of investigation and study used to advance knowledge • Two Main types of research • Quantitative- formal, objective and systematic process using numerical data • Qualitative- subjective data involving words over numbers. Focus on feelings, opinions, and emotions concerned with explaining the why rather than what or how many

  3. Types of Research 1. Naturalistic Observation- Observing participants in their natural setting. Participants in many cases are not aware they are being studied. 2. Comparative- researchers compare two or more things something about one or all of them.

  4. Types of Research Cont. 3. Cross-Sectional- Developmental study where researchers simultaneously study a number of subjects from different age groups and then compare the results 4. Longitudinal- Developmental study where researchers study the same group of individuals for many years

  5. Cross Sectional vs. Longitudinal

  6. Critical Thinking • What do you believe are the positives and negatives of using the three types of research methods below: Natural Observation Cross-Sectional Longitudinal

  7. Correlational Studies • Research study designed to determine the degree to which two variables are related to one another • Positive Correlation- As the value of one variable increases (or decreases) so does the value of the other variable • Negative Correlation- As the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases

  8. Correlation is not Causation • Important NOT to imply a cause and effect relationship between the variables • Correlational study does not determine why the two variables are related--just that they are related. • Correlational studies are helpful in making predictions

  9. Experimental Research • Experimental research is the only way to prove a cause and effect relationship between two variables • Hypothesis-A testable prediction of the outcome of the experiment or research • Operational Definitions- A specification of the exact procedures used to make a variable specific and measurable for research purposes

  10. Variables in Research • Independent Variable- The experimental variable which causes something to happen. The variable manipulated by the experimenter • Dependent Variable- The experimental variable which is affected by the independent variable. The variable being measured

  11. Experimental Group Vs. Control Group • Experimental Group- The subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the treatment (independent variable) • Control Group- Are not exposed to the independent variable. Results are compared to those of the experimental group

  12. Experimental Research • Complete Activity 6.2- Identifying Terms in Experimental Research.

  13. Confounding Variables • Variables, other than the independent variable, which could inadvertently influence the dependent variable • These variables should be controlled for in order to draw a true, cause-effect relationship in the experiment. • Many confounding variables can be eliminated through random assignment.

  14. Confounding Variables: Environmental Differences • Any differences in the experiment’s conditions--between the experimental and control groups • Differences include temperature, lighting, noise levels, distractions, etc. • Ideally, there should be a minimum of environmental differences between the two groups.

  15. Confounding Variables:Expectation Effects • Any changes in an experiment’s results due to the subject anticipating certain outcomes to the experiment

  16. Random Assignment • Assigning participants to the control and experimental groups by chance • Each participant should have an equal chance of being assigned into either group.

  17. Critical Thinking • What is bias? • How do you think bias can play a role with research?

  18. Bias and Research • Situation in which a factor unfairly increases the likelihood of a researcher reaching a particular conclusion • Bias should be minimized as much as possible in research • 2 Types of Bias • Researcher Bias • Participant Bias

  19. Researcher Bias • The tendency to notice evidence which supports one particular point of view or hypothesis • Objectivity tends to reduce bias.

  20. Participant Bias • Tendency of research subjects to respond in certain ways because they know they are being observed • The subjects might try to behave in ways they believe the researcher wants them to behave • Can be reduced by naturalistic observation

  21. Controlling for Bias 1. Random Assignment 2. Blind Procedure 3. Double-Blind Procedure 4. Placebos

  22. Random Assignment • Assigning participants to the control and experimental groups by chance • Each participant should have an equal chance of being assigned into either group.

  23. Blind Procedure • An experimental procedure where the research participants are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experiment • Sometimes called single blind procedure

  24. Double-Blind Procedure • An experimental procedure where both the research participants and those collecting the data are ignorant (blind) to the expected outcome of the experiment

  25. Placebos • A non-active substance or condition administered instead of a drug or active agent • Given to the control group

  26. Key Issues in Research • Validity • Accuracy • Reliability • Specificity

  27. Validity • Fitness tests must measure the component of fitness that they are supposed to. For example, is your sit and reach test measuring solely the flexibility of the hamstrings or are there other factors involved? • 2 Types • Internal Validity- whether results can be attributed to different treatments within the study • External Validity- whether the results can be applied to the real world

  28. Accuracy • Accuracy relates to how close measurement is to the ‘gold standard’, or what you are intending to measure

  29. Reliability • A reliable test produces the same results if repeated. For example, an assessor trained in skin-fold measurements will produce the same result, when the same area is re-tested shortly after. Results can be reliable without being correct. • 2 Types • Inter-Researcher Reliability- whether different researchers in the same situation would get similar results. • Test-Retest Reliability- doing the same test on different occasions with same or similar results

  30. Specificity • Fitness tests must assess an individuals fitness for the activity or sport in question. For example, there is little point in using a running endurance test to assess an athletes improvement in cycling endurance.

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