1. Welcome OCS!! • Aging and the TBI population

2. PresentedBy Nichole Swackhamer, MS/OTR, CAPS, CCM Director of Clinical Services

3. What will we cover? • Typical brain function and basic anatomy • Definition and types of TBI • Normal Aging of the brain • How does aging affect TBI survivors?

4. Anatomy of the brain

5. Brain Function Parietal Lobe Functions • Sense of touch • Spatial and Visual perception • Differentiation of size, shapes, and colors Occipital Lobe Functions • Vision Cerebellum Lobe Functions • Balance • Skilled motor activity • Coordination • Visual perception Brain Stem Functions • Breathing • Arousal and consciousness • Attention and concentration • Heart rate • Sleep and wake cycles Frontal Lobe Functions • Attention and concentration • Organization • Speaking (expressive language) • Motor planning and initiation • Personality • Mental flexibility • Inhibition of behavior • Emotions • Problem solving • Planning and anticipation Temporal Lobe Functions • Memory • Understanding language (receptive language) • Sequencing • Hearing

6. What is normal aging in the brain? • Reduction in short term memory retention • Decline in processing speed, including motoric and mental processing • Physically, the brain decreases in weight and volume (5-10% between 20-90 yrs old) • Changes to the grooves in the brain • Increase in neurofibriliary tangles • Formation of plaques

7. Incidence of TBI • 1.7 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year. • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Injury Prevention, the leading causes of TBI are: • Falls (35.2%) • Motor vehicle-traffic crashes (17.3%) • Struck by/against events (16.5%) • Assaults (10%

8. Types of TBI Diffuse Axonal Injury (TBI) Concussion (TBI) Contusion (TBI) Coup-contre coup injury (TBI) Second Impact Syndrome (TBI) Open and Closed Head Injuries Penetrating Injury (TBI) Shaken Baby Syndrome (TBI)

10. The aging brain injury • All normal aging biology occurs but at an accelerated rate following a TBI, including: • Decrease in Neuroplasticity • Acceleration of brain atrophy

11. Other issues that can affect the aging TBI survivor • Loss of skills gained in rehabilitation. • Increased risk for injuries from falls and other impact injuries. • Acuity of senses diminishes • Increased risk for other injuries. • Increase in medical needs • Increased risk for social isolation. • General decrease in endurance, strength and range of motion. • Decrease in independent living skills.

12. Is brain injury a risk factor for Alzheimers/dementia? Possibly!….those factors would include: • Age at injury • Area of brain injured • Type of TBI • Genetics/Family History According to a study in 2002, By J. Victoroff, which looked at the role of previous TBI as a risk factor for dimentia, and Alzheimers. Overall, head trauma with a loss of consciousness was present in 80% of the Alzhemier’s groups vs. the non-alzheimer’s group.

13. Questions

14. Website: www.ocsmgt.com Phone: 877-532-1144 • Fax: 631- 380-5761 Email: ocsmgt@charter.net

15. 877-532-1144 * fax 631-380-5761 916 Fremont * Bay City, MI * 48708 www.ocsmgt.com