Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Secondary data collection

2. Collecting Data Secondary Data Primary Data Business Intelligence

3. Secondary data are data that have already been collected (bysomebody)for purposes other thanthe problem at hand. At face value this definition seems straightforward(basit). However, many researchers confusethe term, or quite rightly see some overlap with businessintelligence.

4. Secondary data, aredata collected by someone other than the user. Common sources of secondary data for social science include censuses, organisational records and data collected through qualitative methodologies or qualitative research. Primary data, by contrast, are collected by the investigator conducting the research.

5. Data that has previously been collected (primary data) that is utilized by a person other than the one who collected the data. Secondary data is often used in social and economic analysis, especially when access to primary data is unavailable. For example, a survey of a group of economists (primary data) cannot be repeated, so its results are used in subsequent research projects. Or, data collected by the Department of Labor (primary data) that is used in economic analysis. Examples of secondary data are research reports, government reports, censuses, weather reports, interviews, the Internet, reference books, organizational reports and accounting documents.

6. Common sources of existing secondary data include data collected by government public services departments, libraries, internet searches and censuses. Companies use market research to draw on existing information from social media as a source of secondary data. Social media is becoming heavily favored in market research, as opinions are already available from millions of users on many topics and products.

7. The benefit of using secondary data is that much of the preliminary work is done. The data may have already been sorted in an electronic format, published and reviewed with case studies already conducted. Secondary data can quickly become more or less public knowledge through use in the media. Due to its exposure and public examination, secondary data can carry more validity than primary research data and is often used as verification of primary data. However, there are a number of potential problems in using secondary data. It can be difficult to attain secondary data that the fits exact requirements of research studies. It can also be hard to verify the accuracy of secondary data, which can also become outdated over time.

8. Sources of Secondary Data: 1. Published Printed Sources: There are variety of published printed sources. Their credibility depends on many factors. For example, on the writer, publishing company and time and date when published. New sources are preferred and old sources should be avoided as new technology and researches bring new facts into light. Books: Books are available today on any topic that you want to research. The use of books start before even you have selected the topic. After selection of topics books provide insight on how much work has already been done on the same topic and you can prepare your literature review. Books are secondary source but most authentic one in secondary sources. b. Journals/periodicals: Journals and periodicals are becoming more important as far as data collection is concerned. The reason is that journals provide up-to-date information which at times books cannot and secondly, journals can give information on the very specific topic on which you are researching rather talking about more general topics.

9. c. Magazines/Newspapers: Magazines are also effective but not very reliable. Newspaper on the other hand are more reliable and in some cases the information can only be obtained from newspapers as in the case of some political studies. d. Published Electronic Sources: As internet is becoming more advance, fast and reachable to the masses; it has been seen that much information that is not available in printed form is available on internet. In the past the credibility of internet was questionable but today it is not. The reason is that in the past journals and books were seldom published on internet but today almost every journal and book is available online. Some are free and for others you have to pay the price. e. e-journals: e-journals are more commonly available than printed journals. Latest journals are difficult to retrieve without subscription but if your university has an e-library you can view any journal, print it and those that are not available you can make an order for them. f. General websites: Generally websites do not contain very reliable information so their content should be checked for the reliability before quoting from them.

10. g. Weblogs: Weblogs are also becoming common. They are actually diaries written by different people. These diaries are as reliable to use as personal written diaries. h. Unpublished Personal Records: Some unpublished data may also be useful in some cases. Some of the unpublished data can be in the form of diaries and letters. Diaries are personal records and are rarely available but if you are conducting a descriptive research then they might be very useful. The Anne Franks diary is the most famous example of this. That diary contained the most accurate records of Nazi wars. Letters like diaries are also a rich source but should be checked for their reliability before using them. i. Government Records: Government records are very important for marketing, management, humanities and social science research. e.g: Census Data/population statistics, Health records, Educational institutes records 2. Public Sector Records: AA’s survey data Other private companies records

11. Advantages of Secondary data • It is economical. It saves efforts and expenses. • It is time saving. • It helps to make primary data collection more specific since with the help of secondary data, we are able to make out what are the gaps and deficiencies and what additional information needs to be collected. • It helps to improve the understanding of the problem. • It provides a basis for comparison for the data that is collected by the researcher.

12. Advantages of secondary data Secondary data are easilyaccessible relatively inexpensive quickly obtained

13. Disadvantages of Secondary Data • Secondary data is something that seldom fits in the framework of the marketing research factors. Reasons for its non-fitting are: • Unit of secondary data collection-Suppose you want information on disposable income, but the data is available on gross income. The information may not be same as we require. • Class Boundaries may be different when units are same. • Thus the data collected earlier is of no use to you. • Accuracy of secondary data is not known. • Data may be outdated.

14. Evaluation of Secondary Data Because of the above mentioned disadvantages of secondary data, we will lead to evaluation of secondary data. Evaluation means the following four requirements must be satisfied: 1. Availability- It has to be seen that the kind of data you want is available or not. If it is not available then you have to go for primary data. 2. Relevance- It should be meeting the requirements of the problem. For this we have two criterion: a. Units of measurement should be the same. b. Concepts used must be same and currency of data should not be outdated. 3. Accuracy- In order to find how accurate the data is, the following points must be considered: a. Specification and methodology used; b. Margin of error should be examined; c. The dependability of the source must be seen. 4. Sufficiency- Adequate data should be available.

15. In short: Because secondary data have been collected for purposes other than the problem athand, their usefulness to the current problem may be limited in several importantways, including relevance and accuracy. The objectives, nature and methods used tocollect the secondary data may not be appropriate to the present situation. Also,secondarydata may be lacking in accuracy or may not be completely current ordependable. Before using secondary data, it is important to evaluate them according toa series of factors.

16. Primary data are originated by a researcher for the specific purpose of addressing theproblem at hand. They are individually tailored for the decision-makers oforganisationsthat pay for well-focused and exclusive support. Compared with readilyavailable data from a variety of sources, this tailoring means higher costs and a longertime frame in collecting and analysing the data.

17. Primary Data consists of a collection of original primary data. It is often undertaken after the researcher has gained some insight into the issue by reviewing secondary research or by analyzing previously collected primary data.It can be accomplished through various methods, including questionnaires and telephone interviews in market research, or experiments and direct observations in the physical sciences, amongst others.

18. A primary data source is an original data source, that is, one in which the data are collected firsthand by the researcher for a specific research purpose or project. Primary data can be collected in a number of ways. However, the most common techniques are self-administered surveys, interviews, field observation, and experiments. Primary data collection is quite expensive and time consuming compared to secondary data collection. Notwithstanding, primary data collection may be the only suitable method for some types of research.

19. Importance of Primary Data: Importance of Primary data cannot be neglected. A research can be conducted without secondary data but a research based on only secondary data is least reliable and may have biases because secondary data has already been manipulated by human beings. In statistical surveys it is necessary to get information from primary sources and work on primary data: for example, the statistical records of female population in a country cannot be based on newspaper, magazine and other printed sources. One such sources are old and secondly they contain limited information as well as they can be misleading and biased. 1. Validity: Validity is one of the major concerns in a research. Validity is the quality of a research that makes it trustworthy and scientific. Validity is the use of scientific methods in research to make it logical and acceptable. Using primary data in research can improves the validity of research. First hand information obtained from a sample that is representative of the target population will yield data that will be valid for the entire target population.

20. 2. Authenticity: Authenticity is the genuineness of the research. Authenticity can be at stake if the researcher invests personal biases or uses misleading information in the research. Primary research tools and data can become more authentic if the methods chosen to analyze and interpret data are valid and reasonably suitable for the data type. Primary sources are more authentic because the facts have not been overdone. Primary source can be less authentic if the source hides information or alters facts due to some personal reasons. There are methods that can be employed to ensure factual yielding of data from the source. 3. Reliability: Reliability is the certainty that the research is enough true to be trusted on. For example, if a research study concludes that junk food consumption does not increase the risk of cancer and heart diseases. This conclusion should have to be drawn from a sample whose size, sampling technique and variability is not questionable. Reliability improves with using primary data. In the similar research mentioned above if the researcher uses experimental method and questionnaires the results will be highly reliable. On the other hand, if he relies on the data available in books and on internet he will collect information that does not represent the real facts.

21. Sources of Primary Data: Sources for primary data are limited and at times it becomes difficult to obtain data from a primary source because of either scarcity of population or lack of cooperation. Regardless of any difficulty one can face in collecting primary data; it is the most authentic and reliable data source. Following are some of the sources of primary data. 1. Experiments: Experiments require an artificial or natural setting in which to perform logical study to collect data. Experiments are more suitable for medicine, psychological studies, nutrition and for other scientific studies. In experiments the experimenter has to keep control over the influence of any extraneous variable on the results.

22. 2. Survey: Survey is most commonly used method in social sciences, management, marketing and psychology to some extent. Surveys can be conducted in different methods. a. Questionnaire: Questionnaire is the most commonly used method in survey. Questionnaires are a list of questions either open-ended or close -ended for which the respondent give answers. Questionnaire can be conducted via telephone, email, live in a public area, or in an institute, through electronic mail or through fax and other methods. b. Interview: Interview is a face-to-face conversation with the respondent. In interview, the main problem arises when the respondent deliberately hides information otherwise it is an in depth source of information. The interviewer can not only record the statements the interviewee speaks, but he can observe the body language, expressions and other reactions to the questions too. This enables the interviewer to draw conclusions easily. c. Observations: Observation can be done while letting the observing person know that he is being observed or without letting him know. Observations can also be made in natural settings as well as in artificially created environment.

23. Publishedsecondarydata

24. Non-government statistical data Published statistical data are of great interest toresearchers. Graphic and statistical analyses can be performed on these data to drawimportant insights. Examples of nongovernmental statistical data include trade associationssuch as the Swedish Tourism Trade Association (www.sverigeturism.se)

26. Governmentsources Turkishgovernment and the EU also produce large amounts of secondary data. EachEuropean country has its own statistical office which produces lists of the publicationsavailable (and the costs involved).

28. Census data Most worldcountries produce either catalogues or newslettersthat describe thearray(seri)of census publications available and the plans for any forthcomingcensus.

31. Statistical data are periodicals published by government or non-governments, also can be published nationally or internationally.

32. In today’s world. . . ...we are constantly being bombarded with statistics and statistical information. For example: Customer Surveys Medical News Demographics Political Polls Economic Predictions Marketing Information Sales Forecasts Stock Market Projections Consumer Price Index Sports Statistics

33. What is Statistics? In common usage people think of statistics as numerical data—the unemployment rate last month, total government expenditure last year, the number of impaired drivers charged during the recent holiday season, the crime rates of cities, and so forth. Although there is nothing wrong with viewing statistics in this way, we are going to take a deeper approach. We will view statistics the way professional statisticians view it—as a methodology for collecting, classifying, summarizing, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical information.

34. Statisticsis a way to get information from data. Data: Facts, especially numerical facts, collected together for reference or information. Information: Knowledge communicated concerning some particular fact

35. Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.In applying statistics to, e.g., a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics such as "all people living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal." Statistics deals with all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveysand experiments

36. Population — a population is the group of all items of interest to a statistics practitioner. — frequently very large; sometimes infinite. E.g. All 5 million Florida voters. Sample — A sample is a set of data drawn from the population. — Potentially very large, but less than the population. E.g. a sample of 765 voters exit polled on election day. Parameter — A descriptive measure of a population. Statistic — A descriptive measure of a sample.

37. Two main statistical methods are used in data analysis: descriptive statistics, which summarize data from a sample using indexes such as the mean or standard deviation, and inferential statistics, which draw conclusions from data that are subject to random variation (e.g., observational errors, sampling variation).

38. Descriptive statistics are most often concerned with two sets of properties of a distribution (sample or population): central tendency (a)seeks to characterize the distribution's central or typical value, while dispersion (or variability) (b) characterizes the extent to which members of the distribution depart from its center and each other. Inferences on mathematical statistics are made under the framework of probability theory, which deals with the analysis of random phenomena.

39. (a) A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of data. As such, measures of central tendency are sometimes called measures of central location. They are also classed as summary statistics.

40. (b) In statistics, dispersion (also called variability, scatter, or spread) denotes how stretched or squeezed a distribution (theoretical or that underlying a statistical sample) is. Common examples of measures of statistical dispersion are the variance, standard deviation and interquartile range.

41. Statistics Statistics as a science Statistics as data

42. Statistics Theoretical Statistics Applied Statistics

43. Statistics Mathematıcal Statistics Analytical Statistics

44. Istintaci, sonuççıkarımlı Statistics Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

45. The Use of Statistics in Economics and Other Social Sciences

46. Businesses use statistical methodology and thinking to make decisions about which products to produce, how much to spend advertising them, how to evaluate their employees, how often to service their machinery and equipment, how large their inventories should be, and nearly every aspect of running their operations. The motivation for using statistics in the study of economics and other social sciences is somewhat different. The object of the social sciences and of economics in particular is to understand how the social and economic system functions.

47. Views and understandings of how things work are called theories. Economic theories are descriptions and interpretations of how the economic system functions. They are composed of two parts—a logical structure which is tautological (gereksiztekrar) and a set of parameters in that logical structure which gives the theory empirical content.

48. If the facts turn out (tersineçevirmek) to be consistent (tutarlı) with the testable implications of the theory, then we accept the theory as true until new evidence inconsistent with it is uncovered. A theory is valuable if it is logically consistent both within itself and with other theories established as “true” and is capable of being rejected by but nevertheless consistent with available evidence.

49. THE USE OF STATISTICS

50. “The rich are getting richer and the poor poorer.” This is clearly an empirically testable proposition (önerme) for reasonable definitions of what we mean by “rich” and “poor”. It is really an interesting proposition (oran), however, only in conjunction with some theory of how the economic system functions in generating income and distributing it among people. Such a theory would usually carry with it some implications (karışıklık) as to how the institutions within the economic system could be changed to prevent (önlemek) income inequalities from increasing. And thinking about these implications forces us to analyse the consequences of reducing income inequality and to form an opinion as to whether or not it should be reduced.