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Introduction to Science

Introduction to Science. Preview Understanding Concepts Reading Skills Interpreting Graphics. Understanding Concepts. 1. How many milliwatts are there in a kilowatt? A. 100 B. 1,000 C. 1,000,000 D. 1,000,000,000. Understanding Concepts, continued.

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Introduction to Science

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  1. Introduction to Science Preview • Understanding Concepts • Reading Skills • Interpreting Graphics

  2. Understanding Concepts 1. How many milliwatts are there in a kilowatt? A. 100 B. 1,000 C. 1,000,000 D. 1,000,000,000

  3. Understanding Concepts, continued 1. How many milliwatts are there in a kilowatt? A. 100 B. 1,000 C. 1,000,000 D. 1,000,000,000

  4. Understanding Concepts,continued • A student is trying to decide what subject to study. The student is most interested in the way that molecules of living things interact. What should the student study? F. botany G. biology H. geophysics I. biochemistry

  5. Understanding Concepts,continued • A student is trying to decide what subject to study. The student is most interested in the way that molecules of living things interact. What should the student study? F. botany G. biology H. geophysics I. biochemistry

  6. Understanding Concepts,continued 3. An astronomer is measuring the distance between a comet and the sun. What units of measurement should the astronomers use? A. miles B. centimeters C. kilometers D. micrograms

  7. Understanding Concepts,continued 3. An astronomer is measuring the distance between a comet and the sun. What units of measurement should the astronomers use? A. miles B. centimeters C. kilometers D. micrograms

  8. Understanding Concepts,continued 4. The universal gravitation equation describes how the gravitational attraction between two masses is inversely proportional to the distance between them squared. What is the universal gravitation equation? F. a hypothesis G. a scientific law H. a scientific theory I. an experimental result

  9. Understanding Concepts,continued 4. The universal gravitation equation describes how the gravitational attraction between two masses is inversely proportional to the distance between them squared. What is the universal gravitation equation? F. a hypothesis G. a scientific law H. a scientific theory I. an experimental result

  10. Understanding Concepts,continued 5. Density equals mass divided by volume. If a chemist is calculating the density of a substance with a known mass of 23.523 g and a known volume of 17.5 L, how many significant figures will the result have?

  11. Understanding Concepts,continued 5. Density equals mass divided by volume. If a chemist is calculating the density of a substance with a known mass of 23.523 g and a known volume of 17.5 L, how many significant figures will the result have? Answer: The result will have three significant figures.

  12. Understanding Concepts,continued 6. A demographics researcher needs a graph comparing the populations of the 10 largest cities in the world. What would be the best type of graph to use?

  13. Understanding Concepts,continued 6. A demographics researcher needs a graph comparing the populations of the 10 largest cities in the world. What would be the best type of graph to use? Answer: A bar graph

  14. Reading Skills AIR MAY BE HEAVIER THAN YOU THINK In 1642, the Italian scientists Rafael Magiotti and Gasparo Berti attempted to produce a vacuum. They filled a long tube with water and plugged both ends. Then, they placed the tube upright into a basin of water and opened the bottom end of the tube. Only a portion of the water in the tube flowed out, and the water still inside the tube stayed at the level of 10.4 m. Air could not have filled the empty space in the tube because no air had been in contact with that space. This result seemed to suggest that a vacuum existed in the space above the water. Magiotti and Berti theorized that the attractive power of that vacuum caused some water to stay in the tube.

  15. Reading Skills, continued AIR MAY BE HEAVIER THAN YOU THINK, continued Evangelista Torricelli had a different opinion. He hypothesized that air must have weight and that the weight of the air pressing down on the water in the basin kept all of the water in the tube from draining out. He performed the same experiment using mercury, which is 14 times as heavy as water. Mercury stopped flowing out of the tube when the level in the tube reached a height 14 times lower than the height at which water stopped. Thus, Torricelli’s idea seemed to be confirmed.

  16. Reading Skills,continued 7. What was the initial hypothesis of Magiotti and Berti ? A. A long tube filled with water, with both ends plugged, was placed in a basin of water. B. The weight of air on the basin kept all of the water from flowing out of the tube. C. The attractive force of the vacuum drew the water up the tube. D. A vacuum can exist.

  17. Reading Skills,continued 7. What was the initial hypothesis of Magiotti and Berti ? A. A long tube filled with water, with both ends plugged, was placed in a basin of water. B. The weight of air on the basin kept all of the water from flowing out of the tube. C. The attractive force of the vacuum drew the water up the tube. D. A vacuum can exist.

  18. Interpreting Graphics The graphics below show two sets of data. Use these graphics to answer questions 8–9.

  19. Interpreting Graphics, continued 8. One of the graphs shows the percentage of the total mass of each of four compounds in a mixture. If there is more water than any other compound in the mixture, what is the percentage of water in the mixture? F. 100% H. 48% G. 83% I. 25%

  20. Interpreting Graphics, continued 8. One of the graphs shows the percentage of the total mass of each of four compounds in a mixture. If there is more water than any other compound in the mixture, what is the percentage of water in the mixture? F. 100% H. 48% G. 83% I. 25%

  21. Interpreting Graphics, continued 9. One of the graphs shows the results of a fertilization experiment in which four types of fertilizers were applied to groups of three kinds of plants. The plants’ average height increase was measured. Was there a single fertilizer that worked best on every plant? How do you know?

  22. Interpreting Graphics, continued 9. One of the graphs shows the results of a fertilization experiment in which four types of fertilizers were applied to groups of three kinds of plants. The plants’ average height increase was measured. Was there a single fertilizer that worked best on every plant? How do you know? Answer: No; the bar graph shows that a different fertilizer worked the best for each plant.

  23. Interpreting Graphics, continued The graphic below displays the projected world population in the year 2012, along with the average number of cells in the human body. Use this graphic to answer question 10. 10.In the year 2012, how many human cells will there be in the world? A. 7.0 × 107 C. 1.43 × 107 B. 7.0 × 1022 D. 1.43 × 1022

  24. Interpreting Graphics, continued The graphic below displays the projected world population in the year 2012, along with the average number of cells in the human body. Use this graphic to answer question 10. 10.In the year 2012, how many human cells will there be in the world? A. 7.0 × 107 C. 1.43 × 107 B. 7.0 × 1022 D. 1.43 × 1022

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