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CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE Chapter 4

CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE Chapter 4. I. The Importance of Carbon. A. ___________ chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Organic compounds can range from simple molecules, such as CO 2 or CH 4 , to complex molecules, like proteins.

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CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE Chapter 4

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  1. CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE Chapter 4 I. The Importance of Carbon

  2. A. ___________ chemistry is the study of carbon compounds • Organic compounds can range from simple molecules, such as CO2 or CH4, to complex molecules, like proteins. • The % of the major elements of life (C, H, O, N, S, and P) are quite uniform from one organism to another.

  3. B. Carbon atoms are the most ________ building blocks of molecules. • 1. The __________________ of carbon makes large, complex molecules possible. • 2.Carbon forms single, double and triple ___________ bonds. • 3.Carbon bonds to other carbon atoms forming long, stable ___________ chains. • ___________ form easily. • The valences of carbon and its partners can be viewed as the building code that governs the architecture of organic molecules.

  4. C. ____________ are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different chemical properties. • 1. __________isomersare molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms in general. • Butane and isobutane have the same molecular formula C4H10, but butane has a straight skeleton and isobutane has a branched skeleton.

  5. 2. __________isomers are compounds with the same covalent partnerships that differ in their spatial arrangement around a carbon-carbon double bond. • The double bond does not allow atoms to rotate freely around the bond axis.

  6. 3.________________ are molecules that are mirror images of each other. • ____________ are possible if there are fourdifferent atoms or groups of atoms bonded to a carbon. • They are like left-handed and right-handed versions of each other. • Usually one is biologically active, the other inactive. • Shown are two amino acids. Biological systems use only left-handed amino acids.

  7. II.Functional Groups

  8. A. __________groups contribute to the molecular diversity of life • 1. The components of organic molecules that are usually involved in chemical reactions are called _________groups. • 2.___________groups are attachments that replace hydrogens bonded to the carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon. • Each functional group behaves consistently from one organic molecule to another. • The number and arrangement of functional groups help give each molecule its unique properties.

  9. B. Types of Functional Groups • There are ______ functional groups that are most important to the chemistry of life. • All are _______ and increase the ________ of organic compounds in water.

  10. 1. In a _________group (-OH), a hydrogen atom forms a polar covalent bond with an oxygen atom, which forms a polar covalent bond to the carbon skeleton. • The polar covalent bonds of hydroxyl groups improve the solubility of organic molecules. • a. Organic compounds with hydroxyl groups are ________ and their names typically end in -ol.

  11. 3. A ________group (C=O) is an oxygen atom joined to the carbon skeleton by a double bond. • a. If the carbonyl group is on the end of the skeleton, it’s an _________. • b. If not, then the compound is a ___________.

  12. 4. A ________ group (-COOH) is a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom and a single bond to a hydroxyl group. • a. Compounds with _________ groups are _________ acids.

  13. 5. An __________group (-NH2) is a nitrogen atom attached to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton. • a. Organic compounds with amino groups are _______. • b. The _______ group acts as a base. • c. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, have amino and carboxyl groups.

  14. 6. A _________group (-SH) is a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and to the backbone. • This group resembles a hydroxyl group in shape. • a. Organic molecules with _______ groups are _____. • b. ____________ groups help stabilize the structure of proteins by forming disulfide bridges with covalent bonding.

  15. 7. A __________group (-OPO32-) is a phosphorus bound to four oxygen atoms • a. _______ groups are negatively charged anions. • b. Some transfer energy between organic molecules. (ATP ADP + P)

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