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CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE

CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE. Chapter 4. THE IMPORTANCE OF CARBON. Organic chemistry: the study of carbon compounds Organic compounds: once thought to only come from living organisms Idea known as Vitalism Disproved by syn. of organic cmpds in lab. CHEMISTRY OF CARBON ATOMS.

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CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE

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  1. CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE Chapter 4

  2. THE IMPORTANCE OF CARBON • Organic chemistry: the study of carbon compounds • Organic compounds: once thought to only come from living organisms • Idea known as Vitalism • Disproved by syn. of organic cmpds in lab

  3. CHEMISTRY OF CARBON ATOMS • Carbon: versatile building block of molecules • Covalent-bonding capacity of four • Can bond to various atoms • O, H, and N • Can bond to other carbons • carbon skeletons of organic compounds.

  4. Carbon Skeletons • Carbon Skeleton variations • Diverse organic molecules • Variable length and shape • Bonding sites for other elements • Hydrocarbons: only C and H

  5. Carbon Skeletons, continued • Basis for isomers • same formula, different structures different properties • Three types: structural, geometric, and enantiomers.

  6. Structural isomers • Differ in covalent partnerships between their atoms • e.g. C6H6: (Aromatic form is Benzene)

  7. Geometric Isomers • Varied arrangements of atoms around a double bond • C4H8 (butene)

  8. Enantiomers • Mirror image molecules; stereoisomers

  9. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • Contribute to molecular diversity of life • Specific, chemically reactive groups atoms in organic molecules • Give distinctive chemical properties

  10. Functional Groups • Hydroxyl group (-OH) • In alcohols: CnH2n+1OH • e.g. ethanol • Has polar covalent bond • Helps alcohols dissolve in water

  11. Functional Groups • The carbonyl group (C=O) can be either at the end of a carbon skeleton (aldehyde) or within the skeleton (ketone). Aldehyde Ketone

  12. Functional Groups • The carboxyl group (-COOH) is found in carboxylic acids. The hydrogen of this group can dissociate, making the molecule a weak acid.

  13. Functional Group • The amino group (-NH2) can accept a proton (H+), thereby acting as a base.

  14. Functional Group • The sulfhydryl group (-SH) helps stabilize the structure of some proteins.

  15. Functional Group • The phosphate group (PO4) has an important role in the transfer of cellular energy and DNA/RNA

  16. Chapter Review: • Living matter: mostly C, O, H, and N • Some S and P • C is responsible for biological diversity • Can form numerous molecules with particular shapes and chemical properties

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