Carbon and Molecular Diversity

1. Carbon and Molecular Diversity An Introduction to Organic Chemistry

2. Organic Chemistry • Compounds containing Carbon are said to be Organic • The study of carbon compounds is called Organic Chemistry • Organic compounds come in a wide range of shapes and sizes

4. Electron Configuration • Carbon has 6 electrons 1s2 2s2 2p2 • 1st shell = 2 e- • 2nd shell = 4 e- • valence e- = 4 • Carbon readily forms covalent bonds in order to share its 4 valence e-

6. Spatial Arrangement • The spatial arrangement of atoms determines the function of organic molecules • Organic molecules are 3-D • Single bonds between carbon atoms allow for rotation and flexibility • Carbon chains form the skeleton of organic compounds

8. Hydrocarbons • Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen = Hydrocarbons • The simplest of organic molecules • Ex. Ethane, Cyclohexane • Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because their bonds are NON-POLAR

11. Isomers • Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure and therefore different properties • As the number of carbon skeletons increase, the number of possible isomers also increases.

12. 3 Types of Isomers 1. STRUCTURAL: Differ in the arrangement of the covalent bonds • ex. Butane & Isobutane Isobutane

13. 2. GEOMETRIC: different spatial arrangement • Double bonds are not flexible - they restrict rotation • Subtle differences in shape can greatly affect the biological activities of an organic compound

15. 3. STERIOISOMERS: mirror images of each other • Some are more effective than others • Usually only one works • Important to the pharmaceutical industry

16. Functional Groups • Functional groups are certain groups of atoms that are frequently attached to Carbon skeletons • They are the regions of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions • All 6 are Hydrophillic - they increase the solubility of organic compounds in water • They behave consistently from molecule to molecule

18. 1. Hydroxyl: -OH Group • Polar - Oxygen is electronegative • Soluble in water • Helps dissolve organic compounds • Compounds containing -OH are called alcohols • There specific name ends in -ol

19. R-replaces the carbon backbone • -OH the functional hydroxyl group

21. 2. Carbonyl-Group • Carbon joined to oxygen in a double bond • Very polar and reactive • Aldehyde : carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton • Ketone: carbonyl group is NOT at the end of a carbon skeleton

23. Aldehyde Ketone

24. 3. Carboxyl- Group • Forms organic acids (Carboxylic acids) • They dissociate readily to release H+

25. 4. The Amino Group • Consists of a Nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton • Organic compounds with this functional group are called Amines

26. An Amino Acid

28. Amino Acid Glycine: • What other functional group is present? • Therefore, glycine is both an amine and a carboxylic acid • Glycine is an Amino Acid, a building block for proteins

29. 5. The Sulfhydryl Group • A sulfur atom is bonded to an atom of hydrogen • Organic compounds containing a sulfhydryl are called Thiols, they help stabilize proteins

30. 6. The Phosphate Group • Phosphate is an anion formed by the dissociation of an inorganic acid called phosphoric acid H3PO4 • The loss of H ions gives the phosphate a negative charge

31. Properties of Organic Molecules • Distinctive properties depend on: • Arrangements of the carbon skeleton • molecular components attached • location and number of the double bonds

33. Put in Your NOTECARDS: • 1. The Functional Group Name (6) • 2. The General Formula of the Functional Group • 3. Examples of molecules that contain those functional groups • 4. Properties of molecules having those functional groups • 1 notecard for each functional group is fine (6 cards total)