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New Bentgrasses

New Bentgrasses. Dr. Leah A. Brilman. Combine different species and types one trial Differential herbicide/fungicide response Different requirements for thatch control NTEP Trials at Universities - United States National Turfgrass Evaluation Program - www.ntep.org

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New Bentgrasses

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  1. New Bentgrasses Dr. Leah A. Brilman

  2. Combine different species and types one trial Differential herbicide/fungicide response Different requirements for thatch control NTEP Trials at Universities - United States National Turfgrass Evaluation Program - www.ntep.org Most not managed as on golf course Less mowing, mowing height different No traffic More trials this cycle with no or reduced fungicides Fairway and Greens trials - Greens trial on soil and sand Some varieties in only one trial due to seed availability Bentgrass Trials

  3. Management influences - Four sands / One cultivar Bentgrass Trials

  4. Standard varieties - Lower density, horizontal growth Seaside, Penncross, Penneagle, Pennlinks Improved varieties - Moderate density for greens, tees and fairways : Providence, SR 1020, Crenshaw, Seaside II, Trueline, Backspin, Putter, Cato, Century, Princeville, Cobra, Viper, Grand Prix, Bengal, Mariner, Regent, Imperial, ProCup, Southshore, 18th Green More upright, versatile Less thatch for fairways Disease and stress resistance important characteristics for selection Creeping bentgrass

  5. Improved - Moderate high density for greens, tees and fairways SR 1150, SR 1119, Brighton (SR 1120), Sandhill, Ninety-six two, L-93, LS-44, Alpha, Independence, Bengal, Penneagle II, Pennlinks II, Benchmark DSR, 13-M Higher density than older cultivars - Upright growth Slightly more potential for thatch - watch fertility Most moderately fine texture Select for important disease resistance, color, stress tolerance Creeping bentgrass

  6. Versatile varieties - High Density for greens, tees and fairways 007 (DSB), MacKenzie, Memorial, Kingpin High density but with upright growth so more versatile Low tendency for Bentgrass Bloat - scalping Slightly greater thatch management needs Low Poa annua invasion May be combined with Ultra for greens or improved types in fairway blends Creeping bentgrass

  7. Ultra varieties - Very high density - greens Tyee, Authority, T-1, Shark, CY-2, Declaration - new ones this type Penn G-2, G-6, A-1, A-2, A-4, G-1 - all from selections at Augusta, GA - very similar genetics Some high thatch producers - must have budget and equipment to control, some newer upright growth Slower repair aerification holes, ball marks Use smaller diameter holes, topdress frequently Upright, dense growth - good at low height Good wear tolerance Creeping bentgrass

  8. Divot repair rate Variable by cultivar - Penncross not fastest despite reputation Cover may be greater but not fully repaired Higher density varieties sometimes ballmark less but some recover slower All bentgrasses - use sand/seed repair mix Add Chewings fescue into repair mix for faster germination Waiting for 6 weeks to grow in for repair = Poa annua Creeping bentgrass

  9. Damage control study Clemson, University Repair of damage from 2 inch hole in June and August Repair rate differed by type - standard and improved typically better than dense. Percent repair after 6 weeks 1998 Cultivar June Aug. Cultivar June Aug. Penncross 43 33 Crenshaw 33 45 Southshore 41 36 Penn G-2 32 36 Putter 41 39 Crens/Cato 31 37 Pennlinks 41 33 Cato 30 37 Mariner 39 28 Penn A-1 30 35 Viper 38 37 Penn G-1 30 30 SR 1020 37 35 Providence 29 35 SR 1119 37 34 Penn A-4 29 35 L-93 36 45 Penn G-6 27 33 Dominant 34 46 LSD @ 5% 10 11 Creeping bentgrass

  10. Versatile type with Ultra Greens performance Stress tolerant germplasm High turf quality - Greens, tees and fairways Very high density - All seasons - less thatch Bright medium green color Fine leaf texture Reduced fertilizer requirement Winter-active growth High resistance to dollar spot, brown patch and Fusarium patch MacKenzie creeping bentgrass

  11. Rutgers Univ. July, 2004 Fairway Trial High stress resistance MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass SR 1119 MacKenzie

  12. Utah State University July, 2005 Comparison with Kingpin Brighter color, density MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass SR 1119 MacKenzie Kingpin MacKenzie

  13. Greens Trial Caledonia G.C. Chiba Prefecture Japan MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass Kingpin Mackenzie

  14. Density of Creeping bentgrass cultivars in Japan. Greens Trial at Caldonian G.C. Chiba Prefecture Japan. Greenkeeper Mr. Ishii Seeded May 9, 2006, Data taken on August 25, 2006 (4 reps) Cultivar Stems / sq. cm. MacKenzie 22.8 SR 1150 22.0 Authority 19.0 LS-44 19.0 T-1 18.0 Penn G-2 15.8 Grandprix 15.4 CY-2 15.4 L-93 15.0 Penncross 10.4 MacKenzie creeping bentgrass

  15. Percent establishment ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars on a green at Raleigh, NC 2003 NTEP – Putting Green 2004 Data Cultivar Nov. 03 Mean 007 (DSB) 91.7 96.0 MacKenzie (SRX 1GPD) 85.0 93.2 Pennlinks II 81.7 90.9 Shark 80.0 90.3 T-1 83.3 90.3 Tyee (SRX 1GD) 80.0 88.1 Benchmark DSR 78.3 87.2 Penncross 75.0 85.9 Kingpin 78.3 85.6 Authority 75.0 85.6 Independence 70.0 83.6 Penn A-1 71.7 82.6 Declaration 68.3 80.6 LSD @ 5% 22.7 14.7 MacKenzie creeping bentgrass

  16. Density of creeping bentgrass cultivars in greens trials. 2003 NTEP Trial 2005 Data Turfgrass Density ratings 1-9, 9 = Highest Density Summer Fall Cultivar Density Density MacKenzie 7.8 7.5 Tyee 7.5 7.3 Shark 7.4 7.2 Authority 7.4 7.2 Benchmark DSR 7.3 6.6 007 7.3 6.6 T-1 7.3 7.3 CY-2 7.2 6.7 Declaration 7.3 6.8 Memorial 7.1 7.2 Alpha 6.8 6.8 Penn A-1 6.8 6.8 Pennlinks II 6.3 6.2 Penncross 5.7 5.6 LSD @ 5% 0.4 0.7 MacKenzie creeping bentgrass

  17. Quality ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars on a soil green at twelve locations. 2003 NTEP – Putting Green 2005 Data Turfgrass Quality ratings 1-9, 9 = Ideal Turf Cultivar Quality Cultivar Quality MacKenzie 6.7 Benchmark DSR 6.4 Declaration 6.7 T-1 6.4 Authority 6.7 Penn A-1 6.3 CY-2 6.6 Alpha 6.2 Memorial 6.6 Pennlinks II 5.8 007 (DSB) 6.5 Penncross 5.4 Tyee (SRX 1GD) 6.5 Kingpin 6.5 LSD @ 5% 0.2 MacKenzie creeping bentgrass

  18. Quality ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars grown on a green at 10 locations using an 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) or lower cutting height 2003 NTEP – Putting Green 2005 Data Turfgrass Quality ratings 1-9, 9 = Ideal Turf Cultivar Quality Cultivar Quality Declaration 6.8 Memorial 6.4 MacKenzie 6.7 T-1 6.3 Authority 6.7 Benchmark DSR 6.2 Tyee (SRX 1GD) 6.6 Alpha 6.0 CY-2 6.6 Pennlinks II 5.5 Penn A-1 6.5 Penncross 5.0 007 (DSB) 6.5 Kingpin 6.4 LSD @ 5% 0.2 MacKenzie creeping bentgrass

  19. Brown patch ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars on a green at Blacksburg, VA. 2003 NTEP – Putting Green 2004 Data Brown Patch ratings 1-9, 9 = No disease Cultivar Mean MacKenzie (SRX 1GPD) 8.5 Kingpin 8.5 Alpha 8.3 CY-2 8.3 Tyee (SRX 1GD) 8.2 Memorial 8.0 Penncross 8.0 Shark 8.0 Pennlinks II 7.5 T-1 7.5 Declaration 7.3 Benchmark DSR 7.2 Penn A-1 7.2 LSD @ 5% 1.7 MacKenzie creeping bentgrass

  20. Puyallup, WA July, 2006 Resists Poa annua MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass MacKenzie Kingpin Mackenzie

  21. Rutgers, NJ Fairway trial August, 2006 38 degrees C 95% humidity SR 1119 and MacKenzie MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass Kingpin Mackenzie SR 1119 MacKenzie

  22. Rutgers, NJ Greens established 2003 August, 2006 38 degrees C 95% humidity High Density, growing MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass Kingpin Mackenzie

  23. Benefits Excellent performance all year-round Very high density but upright growth Uniform putting surface Excellent wear tolerance Excellent summer performance Reduced fungicide requirements Reduced ball marks High performance greens, tees, fairways MacKenzie creeping bentgrass

  24. Moderate high density type Ideal for green, tees and fairways Excellent turf quality Excellent dollar spot and brown patch resistance Leaf texture and density matches Dominant blends Vigorous, moderately dense growth Bright, dark green color SR 1150 creeping bentgrass

  25. Rutgers University – Dr. Stacy Bonos Dollar Spot resistant Moderately high density for greens and fairways Color, texture match with SR 1119, Brighton, Sandhill High turf quality High Brown Patch resistance SR 1150 Creeping Bentgrass SR 1150 Picture Rutgers Univ., Fairway Trial, July 04

  26. Percent dollar spot ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars on a fairway or tee at Lexington, KY. 2003 NTEP – Fairway or tee 2004 Data Cultivar % dollar spot Declaration 0.6 Pennlinks II 3.4 SR 1150 (SRX 1PDH) 5.3 Kingpin 5.4 Mackenzie 7.4 Penncross 8.6 L-93 8.7 SR 1119 8.9 Alpha 9.1 Shark 9.3 T-1 12.2 Independence 17.1 LSD @ 5% 4.5 SR 1150 Creeping bentgrass

  27. Quality ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars grown on a fairway under Traffic Stress in Madison, WI 2003 NTEP – Fairway/Tee 2005 Data Turfgrass Quality ratings 1-9, 9 = Ideal Turf Cultivar Quality Cultivar Quality Shark 7.4 L-93 6.5 SR 1150 7.3 T-1 6.5 Kingpin 7.1 Penncross 6.4 Alpha 6.9 Bengal 6.2 Authority 6.8 Declaration 6.2 LS-44 6.8 Pennlinks II 6.1 Princeville 6.6 Seaside 5.2 Independence 6.5 LSD @ 5% 1.3 SR 1150 creeping bentgrass

  28. Density of Creeping bentgrass cultivars in Japan. Greens Trial at Caldonian G.C. Chiba Prefecture Japan. Greenkeeper Mr. Ishii Seeded May 9, 2006, Data taken on August 25, 2006 (4 reps) Cultivar Stems / sq. cm. MacKenzie 22.8 SR 1150 22.0 Authority 19.0 LS-44 19.0 T-1 18.0 Penn G-2 15.8 Grandprix 15.4 CY-2 15.4 L-93 15.0 Penncross 10.4 SR 1150 Density

  29. Quality ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars grown on a fairway under Reduced Fungicides at Farmingdale, NY - Creeping bentgrasses 2003 NTEP – Fairway/Tee 2005 Data Turfgrass Quality ratings 1-9, 9 = Ideal Turf Cultivar Quality Cultivar Quality SR 1150 7.0 T-1 6.6 Pennlinks II 6.9 Kingpin 6.5 Shark 6.9 MacKenzie 6.4 Indepedence 6.8 L-93 6.4 SR 1119 6.6 Authority 6.4 LS-44 6.6 Alpha 6.2 Penncross 6.6 Declaration 6.1 Princeville 6.6 LSD @ 5% 0.4 SR 1150 creeping bentgrass

  30. Temperature of 38 degrees C Humidity 95% Low fungicides Low N SR 1150 Creeping Bentgrass SR 1150 SR 1119 Picture Rutgers Univ., NJ Fairway Trial, August, 2006

  31. Benefits Versatile for use on greens, tees and fairways Lower maintenance requirements High performance Reduced fungicides Increased genetic diversity SR 1150 creeping bentgrass

  32. Testing Blend performance at Rutgers University, NJ Tyee / 007 SR 1150 / SR 1119 Mackenzie / Sandhill 007 / SR 1150 007 / SR 1119 (Dominant X-treme 7 - N.A.) 007 / Mackenzie 007 / Mackenzie / Tyee Brighton / Sandhill Tyee / SR 7200 Creeping bentgrass blends

  33. Dollar spot resistance - New Michigan State, WI germplasm Stress tolerant - germplasm from AZ with salt and heat tolerance + improved winter color Dense types without excessive thatch Improved varieties to blend with current stable Salt tolerance Snow mold resistance for northern areas Bentgrass Strategies

  34. Kentucky Bluegrass Types Dr. Leah A. Brilman

  35. Kentucky Bluegrass • Strengths • Self-repairing • High lateral stability • High recuperative ability • Dense stand, high quality • Excellent mowing quality • High cold tolerance • Some cultivars with improved drought tolerance • Select a blend of types depending on use

  36. Kentucky Bluegrass • Weaknesses • Poa annua invasion - less options in herbicides - new ones coming on market • Slow germination and establishment - heavier seeding rates better • Shade tolerance cultivar dependent • Bluegrass billbugs • Must mix cultivars carefully - use different types to match strengths and weaknesses • Not adapted to some regions

  37. Compact Types CELA Type Compact BVMG Type Midnight Shamrock type America Cheri Type Aggressive Type Julia Type Bellevue Type Common Type Mid-Atlantic Type Other Type Kentucky Bluegrass Types

  38. These types have been verified by DNA analysis Cultivars in most types are closely related genetically Often no or very small DNA differences If planting all of one type = all of one cultivar Greater DNA differences in Aggressive / Mid-Atlantic types - based more on performance Performance strengths and weaknesses are the same within a type Kentucky Bluegrass Types

  39. Why Blends and Mixtures • Kentucky bluegrass apomictic • Cultivar = Single genotype - other turfgrass species are mixture of genotypes • Vegetative cultivars comparison • Vegetative bentgrasses • Vegetative bermudas, zoysias, St. Augustine • Merion Kentucky bluegrass - stripe smut • Not just for disease resistance

  40. Blending bluegrasses • Kentucky bluegrass • Melting-out resistance of blend of two cultivars intermediate between same cultivars in monostands • Inoculum from susceptible cultivar reduced resistance of resistant cultivar • Blends of two cultivars generally show resistance intermediate between each alone • (Vargas and Turgeon, 1980. Proc. Third ITRC 45-52.)

  41. Blending bluegrasses • Early blend analysis - Dr. Funk, Rutgers • Sprigged out plants to ID • Aggressive types dominated • Aggressive types based on invasion in plots • New DNA techniques allow blend analysis • (Lickfeldt et al, 2002. Crop Sci. 42:842-847.) • 3-way blend - Unique, Midnight, Blacksburg • Different management and % of each at seeding • Final composition, 40% U, 46% M, 14% B

  42. Blending bluegrasses • Why combine types in blends? • Each type has weakness as well as strengths • Single type has weaknesses • Midnight types - powdery mildew, winter color, rust susceptibility as seedlings • America types - not as dark green • Aggressive - dominate in blends • Shamrock types - billbug susceptible • BVMG - Very stemmy turf, poor winter performance, stripe smut susceptible

  43. Conclusions • Blends do provide benefit • Learning long term blend peformance • Kentucky bluegrasses difficult to breed • Cooperative work breeders and NTEP to define types and publish • Looking at competitiveness in different environments and management • Never use more than 15% perennial ryegrass to maintain at least 50% bluegrass

  44. NJ Wear - Spring, summer and fall wear (multi - use field) High performers Low performers Compact America Midnight BVMG Julia Cheri Aggressive Common Mid-Atlantic Repeat with wear, compaction different seasons Kentucky Bluegrass Types

  45. WI Wear trial - fall wear Combined with perennial ryegrass varying percentages Only obtained 50% KBG with less than 15% rye No difference between Midnight types, BVMG types, Aggressive types Common types less wear tolerant Midnight, Fairfax more dominant in blends Kentucky Bluegrass Types

  46. Low, compact growth High quality turf 1/2 inch cutting height Excellent resistance to Leaf Spot Long Winter dormancy Variable under Summer stress Often purple Winter color Compact TypesCompact, Midnight, America

  47. Compact Type

  48. Midnight Type • Characteristics of compact type • Excellent wear tolerance • Very dark green color • Late Spring green-up • Good heat tolerance • Susceptible to powdery mildew • Variable resistance to Summer Patch • Not good in shade sites

  49. Midnight Type

  50. Aggressive Type • Aggressive lateral growth • Should have one in Sports Turf Blends • High shoot density • Very wear tolerant • Quickly knit sod and repair • May predominate in blend • Variable in other characteristics

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