Discover the essence of biology and the scientific method in this comprehensive guide explaining everything from observing living things to experimental procedures and drawing logical conclusions. Learn the systematic approach to formulating hypotheses, testing, recording data, analysis techniques, and drawing solid conclusions based on scientific observations. Understand critical concepts like the importance of control groups, variables, quantitative and qualitative data, and various scientific tools like microscopes. Begin your journey towards thinking like a scientist and conducting effective experiments with confidence.
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What is Biology? The study of living things, their environment and their behavior within their environment. What is ? Science an organized body of knowledge that has developed through observation and experimentation
A systematic approach to problem solving Scientific method Recognize (State) the Problem Gathering Information Form a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Record Data Analyze Data Draw Conclusions Develop New Questions
Step One: State the Problem What question are you trying to answer? Begins with ______________- observations use of the 5 senses to gather facts or data about events and processes Written in the form of a _____________________ question
Step Two: Gather Information • Ask questions • Research • Repeatable observations are known as ___________. facts
Step Three: Forming a Hypothesis What do you think the outcome will be? Hypothesis - possible solution to the problem Must be ____________ Testable observations Based on __________
Step Four: Testing the Hypothesis procedure a scientific __________carried out according to certain ___________. • step-by-step ________ procedure. experiment - guidelines numbered There are two groups in an experiment: Experimental Group (receives a variable) and (Does not receive a variable) Control Group variable - a factor that can be changed.
Constants - Variables that remain the same control - Standards used for comparison Does not receive a variable change Why do you perform a control group? To avoid the possibilities of hidden, unknown variables or outliers
Group A Group B With fertilizer Experimental Group Without fertilizer Control Group
Step four, cont Independent (manipulated) Variable - variable changed on purpose by the scientist. Dependent (responding) Variable - the factor being observed or measured.
Group A Group B With fertilizer Experimental Group Independent Variable – The addition of fertilizer Dependent Variable - The amount of growth of each plant Without fertilizer Control Group
A systematic approach to problem solving Scientific method Recognize the Problem Gathering Information Form a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Record Data Analyze Your data Draw Conclusions Develop New Questions
Step Five: Record and Analyze Data Recorded observations and measurements Data - There is two types of data: Quantitative - expressed as numbers obtained by counting or measuring There are 4 eggs in the nest. Qualitative - descriptive The eggs are brown and white.
Inferences Observations The chair has 4 strong legs. The chair has 4 legs. The car is red. The car is fast.
A systematic approach to problem solving Scientific method Recognize the Problem Gathering Information Form a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Record Data Analyze Your data Draw Conclusions Develop New Questions
Analyze Your Data a visual display of the information or data • Graph – Three Basic Graph Types Line Bar Circle
A systematic approach to problem solving Scientific method Recognize the Problem Gathering Information Form a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Record Data Analyze Your data Draw Conclusions Develop New Questions
Step 6: Stating a Conclusion Conclusion • ______________- a statement based on the results of the experiment, your hypothesis and your problem. • may or may not support the hypothesis. • The results from a single experiment or trial are not enough to reach a conclusion, it must be performed many times to be considered accurate and before a conclusion can be reached
A systematic approach to problem solving Scientific method Recognize the Problem Gathering Information Form a Hypothesis Test Your Hypothesis Record Data Analyze Your data Draw Conclusions Develop New Questions
How to read a graduated cylinder. meniscus meniscus With water in glass, the ________will curve up at the edges and down in the center so we say you read the _________of it. bottom www.morrisonlabs.com/meniscus.htm
9.8 ml 31 ml 14 ml 27 ml 77.3 ml 35.4 ml 45 ml 10.3 ml
____________organisms are UNICELLULAR single cell (made of only 1 cell) bacteria (Ex: _________) http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=A0oG7kqJyV5OBl4ArzhXNyoA?ei=UTF-8&p=bacteria&fr2=tab-web&fr=yfp-t-701-s
MULTICELLULAR ________________ organisms begin as _________ but as adults are _________________________ Ex: (___________ __________ ) ONE CELL MADE OF MANY CELLS a human, animals, tree, plants Images from: http://www.angelbabygifts.com/ http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif
Cells contain an universal _______code genetic DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid) the directions for inheritance, determines the inherited traits of every organism on earth
All living things _________ reproduce Two Types _____________ Seen in animals and plants combines the genetic material from _____________ Sexual reproduction 2 parents sperm + egg = baby different Offspring ________from parents Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.asp
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION _________________________ makes a new organism using the from _________________ Seen in bacteria, plants, and some animals genetic material ONLY 1 PARENT Offspring ________ to parent identical Planaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm
ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop Image by Riedell Growth _________ an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures Development __________________ all of the changes (rapid and dramatic) that take place during the life of an organism
ALL LIVING THINGS Grow & develop Image by Riedell SINGLE CELLED _____________ organisms, grow by ________________. INCREASING in SIZE
Image by Riedell Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG Multicellular organisms grow bigger by __________________ AND _____________________. increasing cell size increasing cell number
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