4: Addressing in an Enterprise Network

1. 4: Addressing in an Enterprise Network Introducing Routing and Switching in the Enterprise

2. Objectives • Analyze the features and benefits of a hierarchical IP addressing structure. • Plan and implement a VLSM IP addressing scheme. • Plan a network using classless routing and CIDR. • Configure and verify both static and dynamic NAT.

3. Flat and Hierarchical Networks • Flat networks with a single broadcast domain lose efficiency as hosts are added • ONE Solution! Create VLANs, each VLAN = a subnet

4. Flat and Hierarchical Networks • Using routers is another solution.

5. Hierarchical IP Addressing Structure • An effective hierarchical address scheme consists of a classful network address in the Core Layer that is subdivided into successively smaller subnets in the Distribution and Access Layers. • The following is a non-hierarchical networking scheme.

6. Hierarchical IP Addressing Structure • A hierarchical addressing structure logically groups networks into smaller subnetworks. • An effective hierarchical address scheme consists of a classful network address in the Core Layer that is subdivided into successively smaller subnets in the Distribution and Access Layers.

7. Using Subnetting to Structure the Network Some reasons for subnetting are: • Physical location (eg remote offices) or logical grouping • Application requirements • Security • Broadcast containment • Hierarchical network design

8. Using Subnetting to Structure the Network For example: • 10.0.0.0 network for the enterprise • Use an addressing scheme such as 10.X.Y.0 • X represents a geographical location • Y represents a building or floor within that location This addressing scheme allows for: • 255 different geographical locations • 255 buildings in each location • 254 hosts within each building

9. Subnet Mask • The subnet mask is a 32-bit value used with the IPv4 address that specifies the network portion of the address to the network devices, ie it uses 1s and 0s to indicate which bits of the IPv4 address are network bits and which are host bits. • A /24 prefix represents a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 (11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000).The first 3 octets are all 1s, the remaining bits are 0s. • Inside the network device, the IPv4 host address is logically ANDed with its subnet mask to determine the network address.

10. Basic Subnetting Process Information can be determined by looking at only an IP address and slash notation (/x) subnet mask, eg an IP address of 192.168.1.75 /26 :- Decimal subnet mask The /26 translates to a subnet mask of 255.255.255.192 Number of subnets created Assuming we started with the default /24 subnet mask, we borrowed 2 additional host bits for the network. This creates 4 subnets (22 = 4) Number of usable hosts per subnet Six bits are left on the host side creating 62 hosts per subnet (26 = 64 - 2 = 62) Network address Using the subnet mask to determine the placement of network bits, the value of the network address is given. In this example 192.168.1.64 (256 – 192 = 64) First usable host address A host cannot have all 0s within the host bits, because that represents the network address of the subnet. Therefore, the first usable host address within the .64 subnet is .65 Broadcast address A host cannot have all 1s within the host bits because that represents the broadcast address of the subnet. In this cast, the broadcast address is .127 192.168.1.128 is the network address of the next subnet.

11. ACTIVITY 4.2.1

12. ACTIVITY 4.2.2.3

13. ACTIVITY 4.2.2.3

14. Basic Subnetting

15. VLSM Basic subnetting is sufficient for smaller networks Does not provide the flexibility needed in larger enterprise networks. Benefits of Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) are: • Flexibility • Efficient use of address space • Ability to use route summarization

16. VLSM

17. VLSM

18. Activity 4.2.4.3

19. Implementing a VLSM Addressing Scheme • Apply masks from largest group to smallest • Avoid assigning addresses that are already allocated • Allow for some growth in numbers of hosts on each subnet • Use tools such as Charts, etc

20. Subnet of /26 is required to accommodate the largest network segment of 58 hosts. Using a basic subnetting scheme is not only wasteful, but creates only four subnets. This is not enough to address each of the required seven LAN/WAN segments.

21. Implementing a VLSM Addressing Scheme

22. Implementing a VLSM Addressing Scheme

23. Implementing a VLSM Addressing Scheme

24. Implementing a VLSM Addressing Scheme

25. Implementing a VLSM Addressing Scheme

26. Activity 4.2.5.4

27. Classful routing Default subnet masks Class determined by first octet No subnet mask information exchanged in routing updates Classful and Classless Routing Classless routing • Network subnet mask determines the network portion of the address. Known as the network prefix, or prefix length. Class of the address no longer determines the network address. • Subnet mask information exchanged in routing updates

28. Processing RIPv1 Updates Rule 1: if a routing update and the interface on which it is received belong to the same major network, the subnet mask of the interface is applied to the network in the routing update.Rule 2: if a routing update and the interface on which it is received belong to different major networks, the classful subnet mask of the network is applied to the network in the routing update.

29. Classless Routing and CIDR • Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) uses address space more efficiently • Used for network address aggregation or summarizing (reducing the size of routing tables) • CIDR requires a classless routing protocol, such as RIPv2 or EIGRP

30. CIDR and Route Summarization • Use single address to represent group of contiguous subnets • Occurs at network boundary • Smaller routing tables, faster lookups

31. Example • A border router advertises all of the networks within an enterprise to the ISP. • If there are 8 different networks, the router would have to advertise all 8. If every enterprise followed this pattern, the routing table of the ISP would be huge. • Using route summarization, a router groups the networks together and advertises them as one large group.

32. CIDR and Summarization – Activity 4.3.2.3

33. CIDR and Summarization – Activity 4.3.2.3

34. Calculating Route Summarization

35. Calculating Route Summarization

36. Calculating Route Summarization

37. Calculating Route Summarization If a contiguous hierarchical addressing scheme is not used, it may not be possible to summarize routes. If the network addresses do not have common bits from left to right, a summary mask cannot be applied. BEWARE! Do not advertise addresses that do not belong to you!

38. Example of Discontinuous Subnets • Classful routing results in each router advertising the major Class C network without a subnet mask • As a result, the middle router receives advertisements about the same network from two different directions. • To avoid this condition, an administrator can: • Modify the addressing scheme, if possible • Use a classless routing protocol, such as RIPv2 or OSPF • Turn automatic summarization off • Manually summarize at the classful boundary

39. Subnetting Best Practices • Use routing protocols that support VLSM • Disable auto-summarization if necessary • Ensure router IOS supports subnet zero • Use /30 ranges for WAN links (ie P2P links) • Allow for future growth

40. Private Addresses and NAT • RFC 1918 - private IP address space, available for anyone to use on their internal network • Routed internally, never on the Internet • Class A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 /8 • Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 /12 • Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 /16Q: What is the netmask for the 172.16.x.x network shown above?

41. NAT • Network Address Translation (NAT) translates internal private addresses into one or more public addresses for routing onto the Internet. • NAT changes the private IP source address inside each packet to a publicly registered IP address before sending it out onto the Internet. • Use on boundary routers

42. Static and Dynamic NAT • Static NAT maps a single inside local address to a single global, or public address. This mapping ensures that a particular inside local address always associates with the same public address. Static NAT ensures that outside devices consistently reach an internal device such as a web server. • Dynamic NAT uses an available pool of Internet public addresses and assigns them to inside local addresses. Dynamic NAT assigns the first available IP address in the pool of public addresses to an inside device.

43. Examples

44. PAT • Port Address Translation (PAT) is a variation on dynamic NAT – sometimes known as NAT Overload • When a source host sends a message to a destination host, it uses a combination of an IP address and a port number (above 1024) to keep track of each individual conversation. 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.3: 1444

45. Question

46. Answer

47. Question

48. Answer

49. Summary • Hierarchical network design groups users into subnets • VLSM enables different masks for each subnet • VLSM requires classless routing protocols • CIDR network addresses are determined by prefix length • Route summarization, route aggregation, or supernetting, is done on a boundary router • NAT translates private addresses into public addresses that route over the Internet ie one-to-one, one-to-many • PAT translates multiple local addresses into a single public address ie many-to-one