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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Classical conditioning procedure. S. R. Classical conditioning procedure. US UR. Classical conditioning procedure. S + US UR. R. Classical conditioning procedure. CS + US CR UR.

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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

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  1. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

  2. Classical conditioning procedure S R

  3. Classical conditioning procedure US UR

  4. Classical conditioning procedure S + US UR R

  5. Classical conditioning procedure CS + US CR UR Stimulus Generalization, stimulus discrimination, extinction

  6. Extinction: how we know it isn’t forgetting 1) Spontaneous Recovery 2) Rapid Reaquisition 3) Disinhibition

  7. Higher Order Learning

  8. Human Applications of Classical Conditioning 1) Money 2) Fear (simple phobias) 3) Drug addiction 4) Advertising

  9. Instrumental Conditioning Foundations

  10. Thorndike’s Puzzle Boxes

  11. Thorndike’s Puzzle Boxes

  12. One cat’s data (all of the others are similar):

  13. Burrhus Frederick Skinner

  14. The Skinner Box

  15. Some basic terminology R -- Rfer Response-reinforcer relationship Positive (presented) Negative (removed) positive reinforcement (reward) negative punishment (omission) Positive Rfer Negative Rfer Consequence: negative reinforcement (escape) Positive punishment

  16. Why you should never use positive punishment: Why you should never use positive punishment: -emotional side-effects -imitation -person delivering punishment becomes an aversive CS (leads to escape or avoidance responses)

  17. How to punish effectively: -should occur for every instance of the behaviour (not caught) -no escape from the punishment (bail) (time to trial) -should occur immediately following behaviour (TV, concerts) -should not be paired with a positive reinforcer (skill building, education) -alternative response made available -should be as intense as possible the first time (first offence leniency)

  18. Instrumental extinction R -- 000 Some initial side-effects with operant extinction: 1) Increase in response frequency 2) Increase in response vigor (force) 3) Increase in response variability A fourth element: the discriminative stimulus SD (S+) S (S-)

  19. Shaping in Four Easy Steps 1) identify the target, current behaviours 2) Construct a list of “successive approximations” to the target 3) Starting with the first item on the list, reinforce until frequency is stable 4) Put the behavior on extinction until next “successive approximation” behavior is performed, return to step 3.

  20. Shaping in Four Easy Steps 1) identify the target, current behaviours 2) Construct a list of “successive approximations” to the target 3) Starting with the first item on the list, reinforce until frequency is stable 4) Put the behavior on extinction until next “successive approximation” behavior is performed, return to step 3.

  21. Partial Reinforcement Schedules Cumulative Recorder

  22. Partial Reinforcement Schedules FR VR VI FI

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