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GOAL ONE

GOAL ONE. THE NEW NATION. The U.S. after the Revolutionary War:. What groups of people lived in the U.S.? What did people want? What influenced their decisions?. Enlightenment philosopher wrote to justify Britain’s Glorious Revolution

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GOAL ONE

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  1. GOAL ONE THE NEW NATION

  2. The U.S. after the Revolutionary War: • What groups of people lived in the U.S.? • What did people want? • What influenced their decisions?

  3. Enlightenment philosopher wrote to justify Britain’s Glorious Revolution Strove to find “natural laws” for social and political world like Issac Newton found laws for science Natural laws included: rights of life, liberty, and property; that to secure these rights people submit to governments; governments which abuse these rights may justly be overthrown John Locke

  4. People of the New Republic • White men who owned property • Indentured servants • Slaves • Women • Native Americans • White men who did not own property • What were the rights of each group?

  5. State Constitutions • began during the War • Massachusetts first • States wanted written constitutions because Great Britain had an unwritten constitution • States called conventions of leading citizens to draft constitutions • Most limited government authority

  6. Articles of Confederation • Written by Second Continental Congress in 1777 • Not approved until 1780 because unanimous consent required • Unicameral legislature for national government • One representative from each of the 13 states • NO Executive • Each state remained sovereign • Powers not specifically delegated to the national government [Congress] • power for the states

  7. Powers given Federal Government under the Articles of Confederation • Limited Power for Federal Government • Settlement of disputes between states • Regulating foreign affairs [& Indian trade] • Setting value of national & state coinage – to ensure standardized trade • No power to tax or raise money other than through the states • No power to enforce its decisions on the states

  8. Second Continental Congress

  9. Arguments For: Most political power belonged to States Each State had one vote in Congress [but sent as many representatives as wanted] Kept power in hands of people Sufficient to win the Revolution Arguments Against: Congress could not collect taxes Changes to Articles required unanimous vote Nationalists believed “ordinary people” could not wisely yield power Lack of national court system Lack of nationaleconomic policy Articles Continued….

  10. Articles….Still Two acts passed by “Confederation Congress: Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787

  11. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Surveyed and divided the Northwest Territory into 36 miles sections [$1.00 per section] • Section 16 set aside for education

  12. Land Ordinance of 1785 Lot 16 Reserved For Education

  13. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • provided government for Northwest Territory. • Provided legislation for territory to become a State. • Abolished slavery in the Northwest Territory • Gave citizens in territories the same rights as citizens of states

  14. Western Land Ceded By States To United States

  15. Articles “are GREAT SUCCESS!”………………………………”NOT!” • National Government weak • Cannot collect taxes • No executive branch • No judicial branch • No national courts • Each state prints own money • States squabble over trade • Nationalists fear weak government will topple

  16. SHAY’S REBELLION • Rebellion demonstrated the disorder and chaos occurring under weak federal government • Rumors of rebellion by poor farmers terrorized “better kind of people”: the elite

  17. JEFFERSON ON SHAYS REBELLION • Letter to William Smith [John Adams' secretary and future son-in-law] 11-13-1787 • "god forbid we should ever be twenty years without such a rebellion . . . the tree of Liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots & tyrants. it is it's natural manure." Jefferson was confident that rather than repression, the "remedy is to set them right as to facts, pardon & pacify them.“ • ………………………What is this known as?

  18. Constitutional Convention • Summer 1787 • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Meet to revise the Articles of Confederation • Soon realize, Articles cannot be revised and a new Constitution must be created. • GUESS WHAT WAS RATIFIED in 1788??

  19. Continued…. • 12 states [all except Rhode Island] • Most were upper class and educated • Most middle aged • Benjamin Franklin, 81, oldest • James Madison did bulk of the work • Madison read many books on history and political science to prepare

  20. Philadelphia’s State House: location of the Constitutional Convention In the Summer of 1787 [Constitutional Hall]

  21. Voting records kept by James Madison at the Constitutional Convention

  22. First Page of The Original Constitution Who knows where this is kept today?

  23. Necessary and Proper Clause • Article One, Section 8 of the Constitution lists the powers of Congress. • The eighteenth and final entry says: • "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof." • The necessary and proper clause is a constitutional compromise between • the Federalist not to enumerate any Congressional powers at all • the Anti-Federalist to limit Congress to those items expressly itemized

  24. Continued… • Necessary and Proper Clause = • Implied Powers = • A “loose interpretation” of the Constitution • Favored by Federalists

  25. Must be printed in the Constitution Anti-Federalist Not-Implied Implicit Democratic-Republican Bill of Rights Gives more power to Federal government Implied Powers Federalist Elastic or Necessary & Proper Clause Powers implied Which one is strict? Loose? Strict vs. Loose…foreshadowing the future

  26. Alexander Hamilton “There are implied powers as well as express[ed] powers and the former are as effectively delegated as the latter.” Alexander Hamilton [from letters to President Washington On the Constitutionality Of a United States Bank]

  27. Slave / Southern States: Do not want Congress to control trading of slavery 3/5 Compromise  Slaves count as 3/5 person for purposes of taxation and representation. Foreign slave trade would be banned in 20 years or in 1808 Free / Northern States Northwestern Territory Want slavery limited Slavery

  28. James Madison’s Plan Presented by Edmund Randolph Large State’s Plan Two house legislature Base on Population Judiciary & Executive chosen by Congress Congress given increased power National gov’t could nullify state laws William Paterson’s Plan to revise the Articles of Confederation Small State’s plan Equal Representation for all States Gave Congress power over trade and taxation Rejected by the delegates Virginia Plan vs. NJ Plan

  29. Great Compromise • States have equal representation in the Senate [based on English House of Lords] • House of Representatives based on Population [English House of Commons] • Electoral College initiated…not quite important yet… • AKA Bicameral Legislature • Constitution is ratified in 1788!!!!!!!!!!

  30. Congress given power to tax National government is supreme over states National govt has 3 branches: legislative, executive & judicial Bi-cameral legislature has House & Senate Money bills require simple majority Amendments proposed by 2/3 vote of both houses Ratification requires approval by ¾ of state legislatures or conventions. National Govt lacked power to tax Congress had no power to force the states to do its will National government had one branch: legislative Each state had one vote Money bills require 9 of 13 votes Changes in Articles required approval of all states No president Constitution vs Articles

  31. THE FEDERALIST ERA (1789-1801)

  32. United States 1789-1800

  33. DOMESTIC POLICY • Population of the US (1790) • Few large towns existed • New states: Kentucky, 1792; Tennessee 1796; Ohio 1803 • Finances

  34. Washington Presidency • Unanimously elected by the Electoral College in 1789 • Why did Congress allow Washington to be President without any voting? • Sworn in at NYC

  35. Washington’s Cabinet • John Adams-VP • Thomas Jefferson-Secretary of State • Alexander Hamilton-Secretary of the Treasury • Henry Knox- Secretary of War • Edmund Randolph- Attorney General …Set Precedent …Characterized by the Hamilton-Jefferson Feud

  36. Bill of Rights • Who wanted a Bill of Rights in the Constitution? • New Amendments can happen through a Constitutional Convention or State & Congressional Voting • Federalists feared another constitutional convention might reverse their victory …James Madison • What are they?

  37. Judiciary Act 1789 • Supreme Court • Organized federal district and circuit courts • Established the office of attorney general • Fatal provision

  38. Hamilton’s Financial Plan • Economic Philosophy • Report on Public Credit (1790)-Shaping Fiscal Policy • Report on Manufactures (1791)-Promotion of the Factory System

  39. Hamilton’s Plan Continued • 5 components 1. Funding at Par 2. Assumption of State Debts 3. Tariffs 4. Excise taxes –What event did this lead to? 5. Battle for the National Bank

  40. THE BUS!!!! (Bank of the US) • Provisions • Jefferson and Madison • Strict Construction vs. Loose Construction • Elastic Clause aka…? • Signed February 1791 • Sparked the open public split between Hamilton and Jefferson.  

  41. The Whiskey Rebellion 1794 • Response to Excise Tax • Militia summoned • What is the Significance? • More Support for Jefferson! • However, Hamilton’s financial plan became the cornerstone of America's financial system

  42. Birth of the Party System • Did the Founding Fathers envision the existence of political parties? • Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans (NOT Anti-Federalists)

  43. Federalists • Emerged from the federalists of the pre-Constitution period by 1793. • Beliefs… “Best People” • John Jay • “Mobocracy”

  44. Federalists Continued • Central Government? • Business? • Foreign Policy?

  45. Jeffersonians • Rule of the People • Appealed to who? • Democratic Republicans • National Debt

  46. Federalist Era: Foreign Policy • Perhaps most distinguishing factor bewtween Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians • French Revolution/Reign of Terror • Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation • Citizen Genet

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