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Unconventional Gas- Shale gas, tight gas and coal seam gas

Unconventional Gas- Shale gas, tight gas and coal seam gas. Frac water handling . Industry will look for a variety of solutions. Advantages Low cost … potential liability Reduced fresh water Reduces chemical treatment need Recycle fresh water; Cleanest option.

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Unconventional Gas- Shale gas, tight gas and coal seam gas

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  1. Unconventional Gas- Shale gas, tight gas and coal seam gas

  2. Frac water handling Industry will look for a variety of solutions • Advantages • Low cost … potential liability • Reduced fresh water • Reduces chemical treatment need • Recycle fresh water; Cleanest option Water processing optionsselected examples 1. Fresh water => Inject Frac => Disposal well 2. Fresh water => Limited Pretreat TSS=> Inject Fresh/Frac Blend => Disposal well 3. Fresh water => Pretreat MB/TSS/Metals => Inject Fresh/Frac Blend => Disposal well 4. Fresh water => Pretreat => TDS Evaporator => Inject Fresh/Fresh blend => Salt disposal/sale • Mobile Plants - MB Reduction • TSS Filtration • TDS Evaporator Truck/pipe for deep injection or Municipal water treatment - Limited treatment before disposal or transfer • Central Plants - Pretreatment • - TDS Evaporator • - Crystallizers / Salt Frac water flow back profile Industry trending toward field water processing of early volumes Fresh Water GroundWater well Centralized processing for recycle and or pipeline-rail- trucking for injection disposal High Volume, Low TDS Frac water pond Low Volume, High TDS Frac water disposal well Frac Water Reuse of diluted high TDS water 7,000-12,000 ft Time 30 days 90 days Unique geology, geography, and producer practice in each region Pretreatment can include TSS/ MB/ Metals/ NORM filtration TDS: Total dissolved solids – salinity etc TSS: Total suspended solids – larger particles. MB: Micro biological Source: GE Water unconventional gas team

  3. Source Water Filtration- Mobile Ultrafiltration

  4. Benefits to Filtration Effectively removes TSS, Iron, Mn and organics including SRB’s and APB’s. Reduces or eliminates the need for toxic biocides in source water for hydraulic fracturing. May reduce other chemicals as well. Potential for a better frac job given the cleaner water.

  5. Conventional Pretreatment 0.02-0.1 μm SRB/APB Range Identified Need: • TSS Reduction • Elimination/Minimization of Chemicals • Mobile • 4200 GPM

  6. Building Block Design Fiber Rack Train Module Mobile

  7. Conceptual Flows: 4 Trailers 4600 GPM 4200 GPM ~400 GPM

  8. Feed: 1150 GPM 15-90 PSI 35-85F 8” Flange (2) 100% Feed Pumps (2) 500 Micron Self Cleaning Screen Filters (2) 40 Module Trains Filtrate Tank Permeate Pump 1000 gpm @ 30 PSIG 8” Flange Reject Pump 630 gpm @ 15 PSIG 6” Flange Filtrate Tank CIP Tank CIP Tank Heater Air Compressor/Blowers Chem Feeds/Neutralization Sodium Hypochlorite Citric Acid Sodium Hydroxide PLC/HMI Automatic Manual M-PAK-1000 Major On-Board Components

  9. Produced water recycling- Mobile Evaporation

  10. what drives water processing choice? Multiple key factors in shale plays Water characteristics of key shales • Availability of fresh water • Quality of flowback water • Proximity-availability of disposal wells/sites • Environmental sensitivity of region Marcellus Shale Frac Water Volumes: 0.5MM-12 MM Gallons Water Flowback Rates: 20%-40% first 25 days balance >1 Yr 1200gal-70gal/day Water Quality: 125,000 (mg/l TDS) CTWT: Options of dilution or deep well injection disposal determined by regulation and cost. Recycle options needed. Fayetteville Shale Frac Water Volumes: 0.5MM-2 MM Gallons Water Flowback Rates: 30% initial30 days, balance over 5 Yr @ 800gal-80gal/day Water Quality: 13,000 (mg/l TDS) CTWT: Truck/pipeline to Texas for deep well injection disposal Marcellus Fayetteville Barnett Haynesville Barnett Shale Frac Water Volumes: 0.8MM-12 MM Gallons Water Flowback Rates: 50% initial 30 days balance over 6 Yr @ 1200gal-80gal/day Water Quality: 82,000 (mg/l TDS and climbing CTWT: Deep well injection disposal Haynesville Shale Frac Water Volumes: 3MM-8MM Gallons Water Flowback Rates: 30%-50% first 30 days, balance >1Yr @ 1200gal/day Water Quality: 100,000 (mg/l TDS) CTWT: Truck/ pipeline to Texas for deep well injection disposal CTWT: Current Typical Water Treatment Source: GE Water Unconventional Gas Team

  11. Frac water flow back profile High Volume, Low TDS Low Volume, High TDS 30 days 90 days water quality to design basis(SW Marcellus) GE analysis utilized volume weighted averages of individual wells and regions

  12. determine design basis • The specific objectives of the Marcellus test program involved four areas: • Develop process design basis • Evaluate feed pretreatment requirements • Identify optimum evaporator design parameters • o       Maximum concentration factor (CF) • o       Boiling point rise (BPR) • o       Tendencies for foaming, fouling, scaling • o       Distillate composition • Evaluate Crystallizer Designs & Performance • o       Boiling point rise (BPR) • o       Foaming, fouling • o       Salt purification / separation

  13. mobile frac evaporator design basis • Feed rate = 47 gpm • Daily hours of operation = Continuous, 24 hours/day • Average feed concentration = 128,000 mg/l TDS • Target brine concentration = 280,000 mg/l TDS • Average feed volume = 68,000 gal/day (1610 bbl/day) • Average brine volume = 31,000 gal/day (730 bbl/day) • Average recovered water = 37,000 gal/day (880 bbl/day) GE Water developed design criteria GE Proprietary Draft, Privileged, and Confidential

  14. mobile frac evaporator design features • Heat exchanger (HX) design • 2-pass, forced circulation, tube & shell configuration • Provides greater reliability (higher on-stream availability) • Mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) design • dual turbofans in series configuration • Lower power consumption (lower OPEX vs. competition) • Partial vacuum operation - brine temperature <75oC (167oF) • Reduced fouling of heat exchange surfaces • Truck mounted design – fits within one standard trailer • Truly mobile system, straight-forward setup, weather protected Clearly demonstrates cutting edge technological expertise GE Proprietary Draft, Privileged, and Confidential

  15. Disposal Well Filtration- One Pass Filter

  16. Reverse Osmosis Ultrafiltration Sand filtration Nanofiltration Microfiltration 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100mm Increasing pressure requirements Membrane Technology One Pass Reverse Osmosis Spiral wound/tubular: best suited to NF/RO Hollow fiber: best suited for MF/UF Flat plate

  17. GE Water & Process TechnologySalt Water Disposal Optimization Combines Physical Separation & Chemistry Optimization to reduce the Total Operating Cost of Salt Water Disposal Well Operations: • Benefits Include • Minimizes Cost of tank cleaning and maintenance due to the accumulation of solids in the tanks. • Minimizes Erosion due to pumping high TSS waters. • Maximizes Performance and life expectancy of the disposal well. • Reduced Chemical Demand • Minimizes Overall Operating Cost

  18. Filter Vessel Engineered Vessels

  19. Particle Size Analysis

  20. Microbiological Testing

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