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DEB theory as framework for quantifying effects of noise on cetaceans

DEB theory as framework for quantifying effects of noise on cetaceans. Bas Kooijman Dept Theoretical Biology Washington, 2004/03/05. Introduction. Dynamic Energy Budget theory Quantification of effects of toxicants & parasites Translation of effects on individuals to populations

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DEB theory as framework for quantifying effects of noise on cetaceans

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  1. DEB theory as framework for quantifying effects of noise on cetaceans Bas Kooijman Dept Theoretical Biology Washington, 2004/03/05

  2. Introduction • Dynamic Energy Budget theory • Quantification of effects of toxicants & parasites • Translation of effects on individuals to populations • Potential effects of noise on cetaceans

  3. Dynamic Energy Budget theory • 1979: start of research; 2004: investment  150 man-year http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/ • quantification of processes of substrate uptake and use by organisms understanding metabolic organisation on first principles • primary purpose: quantifying effects of toxicants on individual organisms • secondary purpose: translation of effects to population & ecosystem level

  4. Some DEB pillars • life cycle perspective of individual as primary target • embryo, juvenile, adult (levels in metabolic organization) • life as set of coupled chemical transformations • homeostasis with varying biomass composition (reserve & structure) • stoichiometric constraints via Synthesizing Units • time, energy & mass balances • surface area/ volume relationships (spatial structure & transport) • product formation; syntrophy as basis for symbioses in evolutionary perspective • parameter values specific for individual (genetical basis) • intensive/extensive parameters: inter-species body size scaling

  5. Basic DEB scheme food faeces assimilation reserves

  6. Basic DEB scheme food faeces assimilation reserves somatic maintenance  growth

  7. food faeces assimilation reserves somatic maintenance maturity maintenance  1- maturation reproduction growth Basic DEB scheme

  8. assimilation  maintenance costs food faeces growth costs assimilation reproduction costs  reserves hazard to embryo   somatic maintenance maturity maintenance  1-  maturation reproduction growth Modes of Action of toxicants Lethal effects: hazard rate Mode of action affects translation to pop level

  9. Effects of chemical compounds • depend on internal concentrations toxico-kinetic module: external  internal concentrations • change in target parameter(s) increase in hazard rate, spec maintenance costs, …. • below compound-specific threshold: no effects • indirect effects on reproduction: delay in onset of reproduction

  10. energetics Free radicals and ageing feeding growth Respiration free radicals (internally generated) maintenance Oxidative damage tumour induction survival

  11. Effects of parasites Many parasites • increase  (chemical manipulation) • harvest (all) allocation to dev./reprod. Results • larger body size  higher food intake • reduced reproduction

  12. specific growth rate specified by model individuals  populations Steady state: Euler-Lotka equation

  13. individuals  populations Transient state: individual-based population dynamics Each individual is followed in time reductions to pde’s, ode’s Requires modelling of resources

  14. Behaviour  Energetics DEB fouraging module: time budgeting • Fouraging feeding + food processing, food selection feeding  surface area (intra-species), volume (inter-species) • Sleeping repair of damage by free radicals  respiration respiration scales between surface area & volume • Social interaction feeding efficiency (schooling) resource partitioning (territory) mate selection (gene quality  energetic parameter values) • Migration traveling speed and distance: body size spatial pattern in resource dynamics (seasonal effects) environmental constraints on reproduction

  15. Amount of sleep  body weight -0.2 respiration rate body weight  opossum ferret cat dog man 10log REM sleep, h/d No thermo-regulation during REM sleep Dolphins: no REM sleep elephant 10log body weight, kg Siegel, J. M. 2001 The REM sleep-memory consolidation hypothesis Science294: 1058-1063

  16. Modes of Action of Noise Effects on reproduction • blocking out fouraging time reduction feeding efficiency • disrupting social behaviour short/long term, partner choice Effects on survival • problems with orientation (migration) • permanent hearing damage • interaction with large-scale fishing

  17. Statements DEB theory offers useful framework for • quantifying effects of noise on cetaceans • translating these effects to population level Application of the DEB theory to cetaceans requires substantial data input Most of this effort is useful in a wider context Cetacean growth curves match DEB predictions

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