Good Practice Guide & the Residual Stress Working Group

1. Good Practice Guide & the Residual Stress Working Group Tony Fry National Physical Laboratory BSSM Workshop : The Measurement of Residual Stress using Diffraction Methods, 14th February 2007

2. The Good Practice Guide – Where did it all start? • 1999 – Characterisation and Performance of Materials programme included a project on “The Measurement of Residual Stresses in Components” • 5 main tasks • Review current methods • Assess current methods via a round robin exercise • Examine the accuracy of current methods • Case studies • Standardisation and Good Practice

3. The Good Practice Guide – Was not written in isolation. Industrial Advisory Group (1999) • AEA Technology • Airbus UK • Alcan • Alcoa Europe • British Energy • Corus • Dana Glacier Vandervell Bearings • DERA • HEXMAT Materials Consultancy • Imperial College • Metal Improvement Co • MMSC • Powdrex • Powdrex • Praxair • Quotec • Rolls-Royce • Rolls-Royce Marine • Rutherford Appleton • The Open University • Salford University • Stresscraft • Stresstech • Thin Film Solutions • TWI • UCL • University of Bristol • University of Newcastle

4. Good Practice Within the UK. • Review identified 2 techniques, hole drilling and X-ray diffraction. • Round robin conducted using each technique. • Material – Shot peened spring steel. • 7 different machine types. • 3 different detector types. • The majority of participants used CrKa, although some did use CuKa. • 5 different peak fitting techniques.

5. Good Practice Within the UK.

6. Good Practice Within the UK.

7. The round robin showed that on the whole the measurements were in agreement and that everyone was doing the right things. A study into the accuracy of X-ray diffraction did however highlight areas where care was needed. The study looked at: Repeatability of the measurement technique Sensitivity to changes in the test set-up Sample height (± 1.0 mm) Step size (0.010° – 0.10°) Count time (0.2s – 3s) 2q range (10° – 4°) Number of psi tilts (21 – 5) Peak fitting method (4 supported methods; sliding gravity, centre of gravity, parabolic and pseudo-voigt fit) We all agreed, why write a Good Practice Guide?

8. Best Practice With Experimental Setup.

9. Best Practice With Data Analysis. As a result the Good Practice Guide was written to provide a simple text which could be used by a beginner, providing guidance on the best way to perform the measurement.

10. The Good Practice Guide – Written by users, for users. • NPL Good Practice Guide No. 52 – Determination of Residual Stresses by X-ray Diffraction. • Authored by experts from the Open University, MMSC, QinetiQ, Stresstech and NPL, with steer from the XRD focus group established as part of this project. • Scope - The recommendations are meant for stress analysis where only the peak shift is determined. If a full triaxial analysis of stress is performed, using a stress-free reference, then the absolute peak location has to be determined. However, such an analysis is beyond the scope of this Guide, which assumes that measurements are made with the assumption that the stress normal to the surface is zero i.e. plane stress conditions, and so a full triaxial analysis is not required.

11. Principles Apparatus – Lab based & Portable Radiation Selection – Fluorescence, Choice of plane… Specimen Issues – Grain size, roughness, coatings… Measurement Procedure – Measurement directions & parameters, non-standard samples, data analysis… Reporting of Results Measurement Uncertainty – Sources, evaluation… Options for Data Analysis The Good Practice Guide – Contents.

12. Second Issue. The original guide was revised in 2006 as part of a second project on residual stress measurements. This revised issue contains more information and extra sections on using XRD for depth profiling and more examples of uncertainty evaluation.

13. Uncertainty Evaluation of Depth Profiles.

14. Future Work… • The GPG is an evolving document which will continue to be updated as and when best practice and/or the measurement procedure changes. • For example a recent VAMAS intercomparison has raised issues with radiation selection for some austenitic stainless steels. • Where the use of Cr-Ka {220}, Mn-Ka {311} and Cr-Kb {311} radiations have given differing values of residual stress. • So we need to give some thought over which radiations and planes to recommend within the guide.

15. VAMAS Intercomparison

16. Input into European Standardisation. Standardisation • Current activities within Europe (CEN TC138 WG10) to produce a suite of standards for X-ray Powder Diffraction, which includes residual stress measurement using XRD. • The NPL Good Practice Guide has been used as the basis of the UK contribution to the European Standard.

17. European Standards. • Non-destructive testing – X-ray diffraction from polycrystalline and amorphous material • Part 1: General Principles (BS EN 13925-1 2003) • Part 2: Procedures (BS EN 13925-2 2003) • Part 3: Instruments (BS EN 13925-3 2005) • Non-destructive testing – Terminology – Terms used in X-ray diffraction from polycrystalline and amorphous materials (prEn 1330-11 2006) • Non-destructive testing – Test method for residual stress analysis by X-ray diffraction (prEN 15305 2005)

18. The Role of the Working Group. • Standardisation is continuing with work currently on reference materials. • Work at NPL on residual stress measurement continues in a third project. • Ad-hoc working group on residual stress measurement using hole drilling and XRD. • Need for future meeting…