Newton’s Second Law

1. Newton’s Second Law Force, mass, and acceleration Chapter 2.2

2. Newton’s Second Law Newton’s second law relates the net force on an object, the mass of the object, and acceleration. The stronger the net force on an object, the greater its acceleration. The law also says that the greater the mass, the smaller the acceleration for a given net force.

3. Force, Mass, and Acceleration Increasing the force increases the acceleration Increasing the mass decreases the acceleration.

4. Direct and inverse proportions The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net applied force and inversely proportional to the mass. These two relationships are combined in Newton’s second law.

5. Changes in motion involve acceleration Force is not necessary to keep an object in motion at constant speed. A moving object will keep going at a constant speed in a straight line until a force acts on it. Example: Once a skater is moving, she will coast for a long time without any force to push her along. However, she does need force to speed up, slow down, turn, or stop.

6. Changes in Speed Changes in speed or direction always involve acceleration. Force causes acceleration, and mass resists acceleration.

7. Guidelines for Second Law To use Newton’s second law properly, follow this guideline for how to apply the second law to physics problems. 1. The net force is what causes acceleration. 2. If there is no acceleration, the net force must be zero. 3. If there is acceleration, there must also be a net force. 4. The force unit of newtons is based on kilograms, meters, and seconds.

8. Net force When two forces are in the same direction, the net force is the sum of the two forces. When two forces are in opposite directions the net force is the difference between them. Diagram on right shows how to calculate net force.

9. Zero Acceleration Objects at rest or moving with constant speed (speed not changing) have zero acceleration. This means the net force must also be zero. A force of one newton is the exact amount of force needed to cause a mass of one kilogram to accelerate at one m/sec²

10. Doing calculations with the second law The formula for the second law of motion uses F, m, and a to represent force, mass, and acceleration. The way you write the formula depends on what you want to know.

11. Using Newtons The newton is a useful way to measure force because it connects force directly to its effect on matter and motion. In terms of solving problems, you should always use the following units when using force in newtons: • mass in kilograms • distance or position in meters • time in seconds • speed in m/sec • acceleration in m/sec2

12. Units and the second law When using F = ma, the units of force (newtons) must equal the units of mass (kilograms) multiplied by the units of acceleration (m/sec²). How is this possible? The answer is that 1 newton is 1 kg·m/sec². The unit “newton” was created to be a shortcut way to write the unit of force. It is simpler to say 5 N rather than 5 kg·m/sec².

13. Example A car has a mass of 1,000 kg. If a net force of 2,000 N is exerted on the car, what is its acceleration? Looking for Acceleration: a = F/m Given: mass in kilograms and the net force in newtons a = 2,000N/1,000 kg a = 2 m/sec² Remember the unit for newtons is kg·m/sec²

14. Another example What is the acceleration of a 1,500-kilogram car if a net force of 1,000 N is exerted on it? Looking for Acceleration: a = F/m Given: mass in kilograms and the net force in newtons a = 1,000 N / 1,500 kg a = .67 m/sec²

15. Another example As you coast down the hill on your bicycle, you accelerate at 0.5 m/sec². If the total mass of your body and the bicycle is 80 kg, with what force is gravity pulling you down the hill? Looking for Force: F = ma Given: mass in kilograms and acceleration in m/sec² F = 80 kg · .5 m/sec² F = 40 N or 40 kg · m/sec²

16. Another example You push a grocery cart with a force of 30 N and it accelerates at 2 m/sec². What is its mass? Looking for Mass: m=F/a Given: Force in newtons and acceleration in m/sec² m = 30 N / 2 m/sec² m = 15 kg

17. Last Example • An 8,000 kg helicopter’s speed increases from 0 m/sec to 25 m/sec in 5 seconds. What is the net force acting on it? • Looking for Force (F = ma) • Given: mass in kilograms and speed in m/sec, time in sec • a = v2-v1/t • a = 25 m/sec – 0 m/sec = 5 m/sec² 5 sec Then use F = ma F= 8ooo kg · 5 m/sec² F = 40,000 N or 40,000 kg · m/sec²

18. Force and energy Force is the action through which energy moves. This will help you understand why forces occur. Consider a rubber band that is stretched to launch a car. The rubber band has energy because it is stretched. When you let the car go, the energy of the rubber band is transferred to the car. The transfer of energy from the stretched rubber band to the car occurs through the force that the rubber band exerts on the car.

19. Energy moves through the force Energy differences cause forces to be created. The forces can transfer energy from one object to another

20. Energy differences create force Forces are created any time there is a difference in energy. A stretched rubber band has more energy than a rubber band lying relaxed. The difference in energy results in a force that the rubber band exerts on whatever is holding it in the stretched shape. Energy differences can be created in many ways. A car at the top of a hill has more energy than when the car is at the bottom. This tells you there must be a force that pulls the car toward the bottom of the hill.

21. Energy difference Suppose there is an energy difference between one arrangement of a system (car at the top) and another arrangement (car at the bottom). Some force will always act to bring the system from the higher energy arrangement to the lower energy one. We will find many examples of this important principle throughout the rest of the unit.