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War of 1812

War of 1812. Much ado about nothing (Shakespeare). Causes. Britain’s seizure of American ships Impressment of American sailors into the British navy (Britain did not recognize naturalized American citizenship for those of British birth)

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War of 1812

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  1. War of 1812 Much ado about nothing (Shakespeare)

  2. Causes • Britain’s seizure of American ships • Impressment of American sailors into the British navy (Britain did not recognize naturalized American citizenship for those of British birth) • Restriction of trade between the United States and France (Embargo, Non-intercourse, Macon’s Bill 1 and 2) • British occupation of posts in U.S. territory • British support for Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh • British supplies of weapons to Native Americans • National honor (Chesapeake affair of 1807) • American desires to occupy Old Northwest and Old Southwest (War Hawks Clay and Calhoun)

  3. War Hawk Propaganda

  4. Declaration of War • America prepared? • U.S. Army only 12,000 • US Navy only 20 ships—3 heavy frigates, 3 light frigates and 14 others v. the British Navy had 600; 84 stationed in North America • The charter for the Bank of the United States had expired in 1811 • Financiers were concentrated in the Federalist stronghold of the North East

  5. The Campaigns • Canadian invasion: a means of waging war intended to force Britain to negotiate • Expectations: Canadian cooperation • Reality: Canadian resistance • 1812: Gen. William Hull’s attempt to take Detroit failed and General Brock rebuffed in attempt to take Ontario • American Captain Isaac Hull led the USS Constitution to victory over HMS Guerriere, July 1812 (morale boost for Americans) • 1813 Oliver Hazard Perry led American Navy to victory on Lake Ontario and William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh and Brits at the Battle of the Thames. • Burning of York (Toronto) 1813

  6. The USS Constitution

  7. Perry on Lake Erie

  8. Campaigns • Scattered conflict in the West • Florida: Mobile (West Florida) • Indian war: Andrew Jackson and Choctaw, Cherokee, and Creek nations: Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 1814)

  9. Blockade and Burning of DC • The British sustained a blockade of the East Coast, raiding at will • The attack on Washington (August 1814)was in retaliation for American conduct at York • British forces burned the Senate and House buildings, the White House, the Treasury, the Library of Congress • Assault on Baltimore • Fort McHenry bombarded for 25 hours • Francis Scott Key writes a poem that becomes the “Star-Spangled Banner”

  10. The Star-Spangled Banner

  11. Hartford Convention • American exports decreased from $130 million in 1807 to $7 million in 1814 • New England merchants continued to work with the Brits • July 1814: British raided and looted Hampden, Bangor and Machias, and British forces occupied Castine • Federalists met in Hartford to discuss a separate peace and/or secession of New England (December 1814)

  12. Conclusion • Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815) • Treaty of Ghent (December 14, 1814) Return to prewar borders, Americans gained fishing rights, but no mention of impressment (status quo ante bellum) • Who won? Who lost? • Ramifications • US-Britain • Native Americans

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