Diana Baumrind Styles of Parenting
Background • Born in New York City in 1927 • Completed her B.A. in Psychology and Philosophy at Hunter College in 1948 • Graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology at. • Served as a staff psychologist at Cowell Memorial Hospital in Berkeley. • Director of two U. S. Public Health Service projects and a consultant on a California state project. • Clinical and developmental psychologist at the Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley. For more information on her credentials, see http://ihd.berkeley.edu/baumcv.htm
Diana Baumrind is known for her research on parenting styles. Her research on parenting styles were based on two aspects: 1. Parental responsiveness: which refers to the degree the parent responds to the child's needs. 2. Parental demandingness: extent to which the parent expects more mature and responsible behavior from a child.
3 Styles of Parenting • Authoritarian • Authoritative • Permissive (a.k.a Indulgent or Non - Directive)
The Authoritarian Parent • High in demandingness and low in responsiveness • Attempts to shape and control child’s behavior and attitudes with an absolute set of rules • Values obedience • Favors punitive and forceful measures of punishment • Assigns household chores to instill a respect for work • Regards a high preservation of order • Does not engage in verbal give and take; believes child should take his/her word as what is right • Highly controlling .
Effects of the Authoritarian Parent on the Child • Performs moderately in school • Less likely to become involved in deviant behavior • Poorer social skills when compared to children of Authoritative parents • Lower Self-Esteem • Higher levels of Depression
The Authoritative Parent • High in both demandingness and responsiveness • Attempts to direct behavior using an issue-oriented manner • Encourages verbal give and take • Shares reasoning behind decisions • Reinforces his/her perspective, but recognizes child’s interests and special ways • Affirms child’s current qualities but set a standard for future conduct • Uses reason, power, reinforcement to achieve desired behavior .
Effects of the Authoritative Parent on the Child • Perform well scholastically • Exhibit few internalizing or externalizing behaviors • More socially competent • Confident • Less likely to get into trouble
The Permissive Parent • Low in demandingness and high in responsiveness • Attempts to behave in a nonpunitive and acceptant manner toward a child’s behavior and needs • Consults with child when making decisions • Gives reason for family rules • Few demands for responsibility or orderly behavior • Presents as a resource for th child to use as he/she wishes • Allows child to regulate own behavior • Does not encourage the child to adhere to defined standards • Uses reason and manipulation to achieve desired goals .
Effects of the Permissive Parent on the Child • High Self-Esteem • Better Social Skills • Lower levels of depression • Disengaged in school • Higher chance of deviant behavior including drug and alcohol abuse
Use of Punishment • Baurmind’s research found that mild punishment can have a beneficial side effects because it can suppress unacceptable responses and/or behavior • If punishment is to be used effectively and humanely by parents, they should remember… • Timing of the punishment in relationship to the inappropriate act • To accompany punishment with an explanation of what the desirable act should consist of or look like • Baumrind is frequently quoted during discussions on spanking and corporal punishment. View a few recent articles for her thoughts. New York TimesAPA.orgIrregular TimesAPA.org
Additional Information on Parenting Styles http://www.athealth.com/Practitioner/ceduc/parentingstyles.html http://www.ericdigests.org/1999-4/parenting.htm
Additional articles on Parenting Styles and the effects on children Amato, P.R. & Fowler, F. (2002). Parenting practices, child adjustment, and family diversity. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 64 (3) 703-716 . Baumrind, D. (1996). The discipline controversy revisited. Family Relations, 45 (4), 405-414. Julian, T.W., McKenry, P.C., & McKelvey, M.W. (1994). Cultural variations in parenting: Perceptions of caucasian, african-american, hispanic, and asian-american parents. Family Relations, 43 (1), 30-37. Kandel, D.B. (1990). Parenting styles, drug use, and children's adjustment in families of young adult . Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, (1), 183-196. Wentzel, K.R. (2002). Are effective teachers like good parents? Teaching styles and student adjustment in early adolescence. Child Development, 73, (1) 287-301.
What Kind of Parent Are You??? • Here are a few parenting quizzes that may provide some insight on your parenting style… http://pediatrics.about.com/cs/quizzes/l/bl_prnt_style.htm http://www.activeparenting.com/parentquiz.htm#anchor2145
Bibliography Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of Authoritative Parental Control on Child Behavior, Child Development, 37(4), 887-907. Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43-88. Dornbusch, S.M., Ritter, P.L., Leiderman, P.H., Roberts, D.F.,& Fraleigh, M.J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development, 58(5), 1244-1257. Lamborn, S.D., Mounts, N.S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S.M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62 (5), 1049-1065. Weiss. L.H. (1996). The relationship between parenting types and older adolescents’ personality, academic achievement, adjustment, and substance abuse. Child Development, 67, 2101-2114.
